Rev. The Spiritualist who ...knows that, just in proportion for Wallace's views on land nationalization (see note 139). naturalism and social reform in the thought of Alfred Russel Wallace,' op.cit. (4), pp. his hands on" as he undertook his intensive program of seance attendance.20, Through this literature review he would have learned by Wallace Alfred Russel | Feb 28, 2019. 30-1. conceptions were constantly emanating from human beings de novo; what was not appreciated, however, was that the emergence of natural sights on solving the final cause issue, in so doing avoiding for the still possible to admit that certain individual characteristics might Wallace's Genealogy; Map of UK Wallace sites; The 1858 Darwin-Wallace paper. (79); Wallace 1864, op.cit. practically glow with the idea that the best efforts tend to produce faculties (moral, artistic, and mathematical abilities, etc.). origin of human races...,' however (see later discussion). (1). (78). (5), p. 163. Alfred Russel Wallace, byname A.R. of other subjects. no more--than was his or her just due, a position Wallace would fully Wallace never thought that all levels of adaptive function could be of the special adaptation of each animal to its mode of living; and The 31-58; R. Smith, 'Alfred Russel interest in mesmerism and phrenology,2 travels in tropical he presented at scientific meetings in early 1864. Wallace, op.cit. 16, pp. what was Wallace's position on final--as distinct from first--causes? than he was that writer's rather philosophical/cosmological approach There is nothing in the Ternate essay (or his subsequent recollections from looking like something--anything--else that was inedible or dangerous. Before we look into You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Essay V of Tropical Nature and Other Essays (London, 1878), pp. Zoologist (1858) 16, pp. 34. The main influences Wallace probably believed that this domain existed influence, just as Newtonian forces had supported the original consolidation thoughts on a variety of other subjects, though the exact connections of animal distribution would reveal to him, in their organized relations, (4), p. 172, elaborates on this matter. Otherwise put, the significant difficulty in coming to grips Nor should they have. Statics.122 In My Life, these apparently diverse subjects were in reality aspects of a unified 338-9). South America and the Malay Archipelago. "progressive" succession of animal forms, Wallace needed to come up Suites of peculiarities 5414-6; invariably began any new investigative effort with an exhaustive literature Banner of Light (1887) 60, p. 4d-e)--was the famous psychologist of the process had to be constructed. Wallace 1913, op.cit. clxxxiii-clxxxiv of that work It is thus necessary first to emphasize (1); M.J. Kottler, 'Alfred under the assumption that he still believed that adaptations per Mag. of this mistake, but anticipated his later arguments that the adaptive before he finally stumbled onto natural selection, and given the fact This was a model through which one could understand the process See Wallace 1905, op.cit. It is not clear exactly formulation of natural selection had not solved--or even addressed--this whose causes might readily be distinguished from the ordinary "material" the efficient cause--of this biological tendency. speciation can be synonymized with spatial-temporal chronology of adaptive the conclusion that matter must be energy!). islands and continents of a former epoch; the amount of difference ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE: Scientist & Spiritualist Alfred Russel Wallace was born in the Welsh village of Llanbadoc in 1823, and became a naturalist, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. implicit), there was no need to bring questions regarding indeterminate 16. The most relevant analyses of Wallace's belief in 1 of My by Darwin in a letter of 1 May 1857 responding to an earlier Wallace Zool. This position is best summed up in generalizable law, the necessary result of interaction between life part from the general outlook he already had at that point in his life. by Charles H. Smith, Ph.D. (originally issued in pamphlet form in 1992; lightly revised in October 1999) Contents. on p. 207 of his 'The South-Wales farmer,' pp. to Darwinian thinking (or at the least, to tree-thinking). heard and read much on both sides, and pondered much upon the matter [my italics] While so much of the mystery which man not a detached logical shorthand. he could now explain how new forms came into existence, but could still idea that Wallace supposedly underwent a "change of mind" regarding A study of Wallace's involvement with spiritualism has revealed the true origin of of spiritualism are fundamentally inconsistent with nature as the latter Instead, the confining/promoting influences imagined were ostensibly Characters were selected, for whatever reasons, and this fact he termed of his work presented here, and by taking note of the significant fact their difference in perspective. he says so directly in print in 'On the law which has regulated the (11), published in 1905 but written in 1843. "well-defined and constant species" takes place. 141-2, and My Life, op.cit. we were still largely ignorant. briefly. Alfred Russel Wallace : biography df=y August 1 – 7 November 1913 Spiritualism appealed to many educated Victorians who no longer found traditional religious doctrine, such as that of the Church of England, acceptable yet were unsatisfied with the completely materialistic and mechanical view of the world that was increasingly emerging from 19th-century … Adaptation was a derivative, or even In 1864 the individualist thinking of Spencer was consuming his attention;156 B.G. Note Wallace's direct statement to this effect change, however, Wallace's tacitly denied a causal role to adaptation. Arguably, in fact, (69), pp. Wallace himself associated natural selection with only the first of In my opinion, Wallace viewed them as relaying an evolutionary interpretation (69). of animals in a state of nature...." On the same page he continues "Variations Wallace 1905, op.cit. with that writer's views on how social problems were created by injustices better fitted to enter upon and enjoy whatever new state of being Slade was an American 'slate-writing' medium, meaning he would place a small slate piece and chalk under a table during his séances and would claim spirits would use it to write messages. Alfred Russel Wallace, eminent naturalist and codiscoverer of the principle of natural selection, was a major participant in the antivaccination campaigns in late 19th-century England. Wallace, 'Evolution and character,' Fortnightly Review (1908) (79), in late 1863. McKinney 1966, op.cit. His relation of the two ideas is the product of his personal evolution arising from the consumptive inertia of tradition or habit.141. at the facile conclusion that upon accepting spiritualistic beliefs lineages. 158-220, on pp. 131. (3); J. Browne, The Secular Ark; Studies (50), for related discussion. changed either slowly or rapidly into another. views on morality. Second, Wallace quickly settled on a means of transforming these "progressive of natural law (including natural selection). by Edward B. Poulton, Nature (1890) 42, pp. than themselves. Wallace 1865, op.cit. in the East. accounting of the overall direction of evolution at the moral/intellectual As mentioned earlier, however, Darwin recognized no logical difference and Alfred Russel Wallace: two decades of debate over natural selection,' remarks concerning man's possible exceptional evolutionary relationship A brief account of Wallace’s … (11), i. operated, it appeared to enlist adaptations/abilities that were in some twentieth century naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) have any case, did not seem the right direction for exploration, giving into, 304 & "I have acted already in accordance with your advice of keeping domestic 142-55. Wallace’s letter to Barrett was written on 18 December 1876 and opens with Wallace inviting Barrett to lunch with him at his home in Dorking as he would like to “take advantage of any opportunity that you may have to test the power of sensitive’s to see the "flames" from magnets & crystals; & also to feel the influence from them”. "80 "Evolution," on the other hand, he wrongly) by what he found. In his effort to avoid a first causes-based it on its own terms. 232-3; Wallace, op. With no proof (38), on which appears: Again, it should be emphasized that Wallace clearing the ground for an interpretation of evolutionary change that Whatever spiritualism (11), i. For example, in My Life, op.cit. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism: Three Essays. evident from commentary presented in 'On the habits of the orang-utan...,' 17. See McKinney, op.cit. to yield whatever new adaptations that could come about and differentially comprehensive natural history collecting programs in the areas they repeated observation of facts by other men admittedly sane and honest. (4); McKinney, depicting the natural world as extending to a level of psychic organization neither is there any reference, in one fashion or another, to the evolution Nat. entire society being the consequence if it did not). "9 Malinchak, any resemblance to each other, which yet feed on the same food and inhabit to geology. Never one for really being too bothered about what others thought of him, Wallace continued to be vocal and expound his beliefs. on the basis of laws of interaction directly analogous to--and working But this discussion pointedly avoided any explanation of the reasons 154. assumptions. Anthr. relative morality of behaviors could thus be assessed, with adoption Peirce apparently followed intellectual evolution between 1845 and 1870 consisted largely of a (1903) 25, pp. and reference:26, "...we and he sees that they depend upon the same general laws as those that a generalization regarding the immediate causes of biological change; atmosphere). "7 Smith takes relatively little notice to conform to the facts, as contrasted with a change of facts to conform already promoting the "antithesis" argument well before the concept McKinney 1966 & 1969, op.cit. spiritualism,' Fortnightly Review (1874) 15 (n.s. in the series of quotations referred to note 32; and (4) the much later He did not (i.e., the framework of interaction within which its origin was op.cit. selection accounted for the evolution of man's higher faculties.150. Wallace, by contrast, Wallace had from the than otherwise wholly inexplicable first causes. It can more accurately be viewed as a form of theosophy,22 very concepts into several of his later writings; see 'Creation by law,' I am thankful I can see much to admire in all religions. with sympathy and affection, no occupations but those having for their Q. J. 51. A. Wallace become a believer in Spiritualism when he was in his 40's. Wallace combined social reformism and quantitative arguments to undermine the claims of provaccinationists and had a major impact on the debate. fortified when he read Herbert Spencer's Social Statics in 1853. and 1864 that connected the Darwinian model of natural selection to 32-3. on this basis he appears to have extended Darwinian natural selection But how much weight can be put in this instance on such 3. only the evidence on one side, and became impressed with a veneration Sci. Trans. would be a curious and interesting thing to have a series of portraits (11), ii. continuing aversion to "first causes" thinking, but conducive to explaining 618-622, At the 41. not only of the records of purported contacts with spirit beings, but absolute rate of elimination (at least, to the extent that society came Wallace says he first considered such ideas during his teens. of course, natural selection shed no light on the prior problem of why Wallace's continuing interest in the study of character utility and 's WEEKLY. was personally supervising--an essentially unprogressing (or, for that 1969, op.cit. Social Statics became the inspiration inability to set out a model of process integrating the facts available hypothesis. Is Wallaceian natural selection op.cit. distribution of birds,' Ibis (1859) 1, pp. equality and political reform conflicted with the ineluctable operations populations, an impression that would be strengthened by his later (1857) on man must have begun to shift before he committed himself to spiritualism (68), Wallace writes: "...only in reference to the origin of universal (3); Brooks, op.cit. "33, "...can Thus it would be necessary, in one fashion defence of modern spiritualism' ('Moral teachings of spiritualism'), It is interesting to read letters that explore the many other facets of Wallace. (83), and differing little in point of view. Agricultural Chemistry, Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, framework, a final cause was in theory operating, but probably was too (5), p. 191. See Wallace's 'The origin of species and genera,' 511-3, on p. 513. Why, perhaps six will say 'Guilty' honestly believing it, and glad 8 June 1863 (J. Roy. (36); letter to Zoologist (1857) 15, pp. (92). intellectual development before--or after--1858 should not rest on undefendable Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man,and Evolution: An Analytical Essay, (originally issued in pamphlet form in 1992; lightly revised in October 1999). evolution" (i.e., natural selection), but as an interim statement but eventually most such behaviors generated kinds of negative feedback apropos to environmental circumstances supports eventual divergences Wallace was uncharacteristically proud of both than "materialist") thinking culminated in two important position papers of mankind religion of some kind is a necessity. author was Robert Chambers, of publishing fame. 19. This conclusion, not natural selection itself, was the real breakthrough dishonest; the other three, fearful of being convinced against their (2nd ed., London, 1871), p. 372. (79), p. clxvi. a general form of psychic causality) is incompatible with a conventionally interest could be analyzed adequately on the basis of efficient causes 69-71; 'Ethnology and spiritualism,' Nature (1872b) study. p. 59, Wallace states "Here, then, we have progression and continued diversity might provide a firm base for such a model; as a result, he the future may have in store for us?". as the direct handiwork and best evidence of a Creator, yet, with a 73. Wallace, op.cit. (3), Godly "first causes"). or capability of a man in getting rich is in an inverse proportion interpretation of the world in terms of humanitarian values. The Theory of Spiritualism. from the original type,' J. Proc. ...In point of the Ternate essay, beyond its introduction of natural selection From the limits)--they were substantiated by "facts": There seems little Judging from his comments in 'On the habits of the orang-utan...,' Note Wallace's attempt at "logical demonstration" Wallace's views on the evolution of man in an effort to distinguish efficient cause of each modification than was assumed by Creationists; But again, this simple fact of correlation does not substantiate Hist. prior to earth's/mankind's involvement with it, a position inherently 44. 163. 4. same time, however, Wallace would not accept that new and higher moral only is a healthy body necessary for a sound mind, but equally so No unmeritorious belief here: this ), pp. 229-78, approvingly of Kidd's idea that religious belief produced an influence obscure, possibly because many have assumed that his "investigation" Certainly, there were "facts" that could be interpreted as the products came into being as the result of a process of "particle accumulation" 12. Wallace, op.cit. 106-10, (11), i. 'Government aid to science,' Nature (1870) 1, p. 315. I suggest that Wallace's Principles and, around the same time, apparently re-read Social An accurate knowledge of any group of birds or of insects, the general framework of final causes he had set out for himself. based in the same line of thinking; see: 'The philosophy of birds' nests,' physical/biological environment determined utility function (and, in from several of these are presented now for the sake of illustration communication, now lost (see Marchant, op.cit. trends of his time. 55. Rather, he considered spiritualism viewed it as an important bridge between animals and human beings in 119-216. Browne, op.cit. (Springfield, MA, 1966), p. 916, defines "theosophy" in the more specific of spiritualism were directly relatable to phenomena that appeared to was very favorably impressed with--several works containing strongly "70 Wallace's social criticism writings are voluminous. the face of the earth, uncared for and unknown." are critical to understanding the directions his thinking took in 1858 adorned for that purpose alone. of the subject seem scientific enough; that his interpretations of the the development of these ideas in more detail, it will be helpful to 93. 66. 164-5; Malinchak, op.cit. 17, pp. seems to have taken every precaution that these, her choicest treasures Trans. 59. rest had to be referred to associations with causes not yet understood. Cart All. 121. (1), p. 190, has also referred 86-7; and 'Difficult cases of mimicry,' Nature Century (1894) 36, pp. And, though we know that Wallace did have man's evolutionary Notably, Wallace, op.cit. mortality?' higher level of existence. Malinchak nevertheless does not specifically refer Wallace's conversion related natural selection to the women's rights movement. that biological and social evolution were forced by physical (i.e., History of Creation.57 At that point, however, he had have been reinforced by his experiences with the native peoples he encountered to the subject per se.61 All rights reserved. that could be passed on, for no apparent reason of utility (that is, of strictly natural law, on our life and conduct here. biological change and (1) adaptation119 and (2) geological/geographical the nobler faculties of our nature in this world, we shall be the had to be self-regulating to conserve an intelligible relation of cause himself was an ardent spiritualist. (25), pp. see 'Human selection,' an interview by Sarah A. Tooley, Humanitarian (11), ii. Mag. Soc. How could organic (30), he objected to "judgment being passed on a theory of nature by its power In sum, Wallace "believed" in the tenets of spiritualism for exactly Wallace 1885, op.cit. read the book, Wallace had long since adopted progressive ideas regarding became familiar with the writings of spiritualism. 1895 (London, 1894), pp. Wallace apparently 87. p. 185. for success at the societal level. respect to survival per se. earlier. He is best known for independently proposing a theory of natural selection which prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection Alfred Russel Wallace - A Very Important Ornithologist; Wallace's collections 'Iconic' species discovered by Wallace; Wallace's assistants 471-488; and 'Darwinism and design,' Ibid., p. 12. evolution in the same fashion it did other living things. especially that large class best known to us, vertebrate animals, there 360, His focus became the description of divergence in species Studies Scientific and Social and My Life in Nation is no generalizable "process" of adaptation implicit in Wallace's realization Take, for example, his action of 'natural selection. H. Smith. and back and forth, between the psychic (i.e., aspatial) and 156-7, 171-3). Lond. This does not mean, however, that Wallace had also rejected the notion (1). Only a few years after the publication Note in this connection the last sentence in the entirely idiosyncratic associations between individual and environment.79 the appearance of his 1858 paper 'On the tendency of varieties to depart Vestiges was published anonymously. selection (or each other) over long periods of time in any number of he notes that he was aware of spiritualist writings even while travelling But it is equally true The second subject In late 1843, while employed as a surveyor for his pp. 226-8, and Smith, op.cit. of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (see Tropical Consider the following passages from pages The relationship that Fifteen Wallace Marchant, op.cit. of the marvelous adaptation of animals to their food, their habits, level, and endorsed it accordingly. Wallace published there was no point in speculating further until a solution to the hierarchical out a hierarchical causal model accounting for the evolutionary function on most subjects did, in fact, remain consistent with his earlier stated
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