[116] John O'Hara's Newsweek review called it the best picture he'd ever seen and said Welles was "the best actor in the history of acting. [226] The RKO Home Video unit was reorganized into Turner Home Entertainment that year. Sie finden Rezensionen und Details zu einer vielseitigen Blu-ray- und DVD-Auswahl – … [16]:205, Shortly after Friday's article, Hearst sent Parsons an angry letter complaining that he had learned about Citizen Kane from Hopper and not her. [92], All of the music used in the newsreel came from the RKO music library, edited at Welles's request by the newsreel department to achieve what Herrmann called "their own crazy way of cutting". In his younger years, Charles lived in poverty in Colorado, a state that represents the wild freedom of Charles' young life. [86]:79–80 Soprano Jean Forward dubbed the vocal part for Comingore. If much of what we see now in Citizen Kane seems commonplace in the landscape of cinema, it’s because this is the film that set the precedent. Das American Film Institute führt Citizen Kane als besten amerikanischen Film aller Zeiten auf. [50] Whereas Welles was often immediately pleased with Wise's work, he would require Dunn and post-production audio engineer James G. Stewart to re-do their work several times until he was satisfied. Overall it lost money in New York, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., but made a profit in Seattle. major conflict Kane tries to control press coverage of his political career and suppress his affair with Susan Alexander. Sa cuisine familiale, dinspiration belge et française, réveillera vos papilles dans un cadre cosy. Kael, Pauline, Welles, Orson and Mankiewicz, Herman J. Rosenbaum, Jonathan. Nominated for Academy Awardsin nine categ… [16]:170 RKO was also uncharacteristically profitable and was entering into a series of independent production contracts that would add more artistically prestigious films to its roster. When asked where he got the confidence as a first-time director to direct a film so radically different from contemporary cinema, he responded, "Ignorance, ignorance, sheer ignorance—you know there's no confidence to equal it. [91], "In a Mizz", a 1939 jazz song by Charlie Barnet and Haven Johnson, bookends Thompson's second interview of Susan Alexander Kane. The contract was deeply resented in the film industry, and the Hollywood press took every opportunity to mock RKO and Welles. "It took nerve to shoot from down there, with that steel brace right in front of the camera, but I thought rightly that at that point they'd be looking at Leland and not at me. "[27]:80, Welles never confirmed a principal source for the character of Charles Foster Kane. Most of the critics at the preview said that they liked the film and gave it good advanced reviews. [69]:83 Welles also dispenses with the idea of a single storyteller and uses multiple narrators to recount Kane's life, a technique not used previously in Hollywood films. In the breakfast montage, Welles chronicles the breakdown of Kane's first marriage in five vignettes that condense 16 years of story time into two minutes of screen time. A December 1940 feature story in Stage magazine compared the film's narrative to Faust and made no mention of Hearst. Henry Luce was in attendance and reportedly wanted to buy the film from RKO for $1 million to distribute it himself. The set design was an integral part of the film's overall look and Toland's cinematography. "[16]:211 Welles called O'Hara's review "the greatest review that anybody ever had. Although neither worked with Welles again, Toland and Ferguson collaborated in several films in the 1940s. [117], In the UK C. A. Lejeune of The Observer called it "The most exciting film that has come out of Hollywood in twenty-five years"[118] and Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times said the film's style was made "with the ease and boldness and resource of one who controls and is not controlled by his medium. Telling Kane… "[221] RKO Home Video released the film on VHS and Betamax in 1985. [224], Turner Broadcasting System acquired broadcast television rights to the RKO library in 1986[225] and the full worldwide rights to the library in 1987. These theories were diametrically opposed to both the popular Soviet montage theory[67]:xiii and the politically Marxist and anti-Hollywood beliefs of most French film critics at that time. Bogdanovich, Peter and Welles, Orson (uncredited). [41]:85 Welles pioneered several visual effects to cheaply shoot things like crowd scenes and large interior spaces. "[68]:72, In his 1950 essay "The Evolution of the Language of Cinema", Bazin placed Citizen Kane center stage as a work which ushered in a new period in cinema. ", Kevin Brownlow believes that Lean's brother, Bordwell has hypothesized that Bazin was influenced by publicity about the film's innovations that were published in France during its first release. "[76], Citizen Kane's sound was recorded by Bailey Fesler and re-recorded in post-production by audio engineer James G. Stewart,[41]:85 both of whom had worked in radio. [41]:68 Fabe says that "by using a standard Hollywood technique sparingly, [Welles] revitalizes its psychological expressiveness. [43]:178 Other people who disliked the film were W. H. Auden[46]:98 and James Agee. [15]:120 Despite its criticism of Welles, it further popularized the notion of Citizen Kane as the great American film. RKO still had problems getting exhibitors to show the film. Considered by many critics, filmmakers, and fans to be the greatest film ever made, Citizen Kane was voted number 1 in five consecutive British Film Institute Sight & Sound polls of critics, and it topped the American Film Institute's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list in 1998, as well as its 2007 update. As Thatcher hands eight-year-old Kane a sled and wishes him a Merry Christmas, the sequence suddenly jumps to a shot of Thatcher fifteen years later, completing the sentence he began in both the previous shot and the chronological past. Citizen Kane, written, produced, and directed by a young man of 25 whom America considers a genius, is an outstanding film, amazing in its presentation and vast in its conception. [17]:57 "Our problem was to create something that would give the audience the feeling of the quicksand into which this simple little girl, having a charming but small voice, is suddenly thrown," Herrmann said. "That was not a costume, it was the rubber sculpture that created the image. Its depths surpass understanding. [138]:36 Bazin believed that a film should depict reality without the filmmaker imposing their "will" on the spectator, which the Soviet theory supported. [16]:187 [f] Mercury actor George Coulouris was a star of the stage in New York and London. For example, it becomes clear in the breakfast table montage that Kane's marriage to Emily has fallen apart before he runs for Governor, but they put on a brave and united front for the cameras. [77]:93, To save costs Ferguson and Welles re-wrote scenes in Xanadu's living room and transported them to the Great Hall. It was made from a fine grain master positive provided by the UCLA Film and Television Archive. [14]:119–120[44] "He loved to use the Mercury players," wrote biographer Charles Higham, "and consequently he launched several of them on movie careers. Welles used this time to discuss the day's shooting with Toland and other crew members. Through Thatcher's written memoirs, Thompson learns about Kane's rise from a Colorado boarding house and the decline of his personal fortune. [21]:498, Questions over the authorship of the Citizen Kane screenplay were revived in 1971 by influential film critic Pauline Kael, whose controversial 50,000-word essay "Raising Kane" was commissioned as an introduction to the shooting script in The Citizen Kane Book,[17]:494 published in October 1971. [62], During World War II, Citizen Kane was not seen in most European countries. [16]:193 Welles told the press that he was ahead of schedule (without factoring in the month of "test shooting"), thus discrediting claims that after a year in Hollywood without making a film he was a failure in the film industry. Its surface is as much fun as any movie ever made. "[194], William Friedkin said that the film influenced him and called it "a veritable quarry for filmmakers, just as Joyce's Ulysses is a quarry for writers. [15]:115 Welles said that at the Chicago premiere that he attended the theater was almost empty. [42] Herbert Carter, editor of The Inquirer, was named for actor Jack Carter. He took control of the New York Inquirer newspaper and embarked on a career of yellow journalism, publishing scandalous articles that attacked Thatcher's (and his own) business interests. [80]:20 These appliances were then placed onto the plaster bust and a four-piece mold was made for each phase of aging. Meanwhile, Charles Foster Kane has secretly been spending time … For to most of the several hundred people who have seen the film at private screenings, Citizen Kane is the most sensational product of the U.S. movie industry." [18]:237 Welles conceived the project with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who was writing radio plays for Welles's CBS Radio series, The Campbell Playhouse. [43]:155, Citizen Kane was a rare film in that its principal roles were played by actors new to motion pictures. [15]:69 The first "test" shot was the News on the March projection room scene, economically filmed in a real studio projection room in darkness that masked many actors who appeared in other roles later in the film. Welles said that while he was on his post-filming lecture tour a police detective approached him at a restaurant and advised him not to go back to his hotel. Instead, the film's repetitions of events compels the audience to analyze and wonder why Kane's life happened the way that it did, under the pretext of finding out what "Rosebud" means. [86]:72 Herrmann had composed for Welles for his Mercury Theatre radio broadcasts. [220], In 1976, when home video was in its infancy, entrepreneur Snuff Garrett bought cassette rights to the RKO library for what United Press International termed "a pittance." Welles's assistant Richard Wilson said that the person who circled Mankiewicz's name in pencil, then drew an arrow that put it in first place, was Welles. A discovery of Charlie Chaplin, Comingore was recommended to Welles by Chaplin,[46]:170 who then met Comingore at a party in Los Angeles and immediately cast her. These included interviews by Welles and the publication of Toland's article "The Motion Picture Cameraman" in the January 1947 issue of, Another early pop culture reference occurred in Welles's, The same item had been sold by Christie's in December 1991, together with a working script from, Excerpted in "My Orson", Bogdanovich's new introduction to the second edition of, Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay), Best Art Direction–Interior Decoration – Black-and-White, 100% of critics have given the film a positive review, "Complete National Film Registry Listing - National Film Preservation Board | Programs | Library of Congress", "ENTERTAINMENT: Film Registry Picks First 25 Movies", The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1941 – 1950, "Oscars: Ranking All 87 Best Picture Winners", "Welles pic script scrambles H'wood history", "Exit the hatchet woman: Why Pauline Kael was bad for world cinema", "Roaring at the Screen with Pauline Kael", "FDR Had a Famous Ghostwriter: Orson Welles", "The Forgotten Media Purges of the Great Depression", "American Composers Orchestra – David Raksin remembers his colleagues", "Lady Luck: Movieland's Best Talent Scout", "Citizen Kane Remembered [May–June 1969]", "Kathryn Trosper Popper, Last Living 'Citizen Kane' Castmember, Dies at 100", "Kathryn Popper, Last Surviving Actor in 'Citizen Kane,' Dies at 100", "Sound and Vision: Glass's 'Koyaanisqatsi' and the art of film scoring", "The Memos Part X: George Schaefer resigns as RKO president ...", "Oheka Castle – Film, Television and Photography Productions", "70th anniversary of Citizen Kane and Bernard Herrmann's film score", "Jazz on the Screen: A jazz and blues filmography by David Meeker", "People think this scene from Citizen Kane predicted Trump's reaction to the election 79 years ago", "How Trump's Favorite Movie Explains Him", "Is Donald Trump Charles Foster Kane in disguise? [p][247], The colorization controversy was a factor in the passage of the National Film Preservation Act in 1988 which created the National Film Registry the following year. He had sufficient time to do his own orchestrations and conducting, and worked on the film reel by reel as it was shot and cut. [140]:125 His metaphysical interpretations about the film reflected humankind's place in the universe. [146]:154 Rosenbaum sees similarities in the film's plot to Mr. Arkadin, as well as the theme of nostalgia for loss of innocence throughout Welles's career, beginning with Citizen Kane and including The Magnificent Ambersons, Mr. Arkadin and Chimes at Midnight. "[246] Turner had only colorized the final reel of the film before abandoning the project. Other films influenced include Gaslight, Mildred Pierce and Jane Eyre. Previous Next . [14]:209 The one film he genuinely studied was John Ford's Stagecoach,[17]:29 which he watched 40 times. [204] A second draft of the script titled American, marked "Mr. Welles' working copy", was auctioned by Sotheby's in 2014 for $164,692. The special contact lenses used to make Welles look elderly proved very painful, and a doctor was employed to place them into Welles's eyes. The foreground was shot first, with the background dark. The more clearly I can see its physical manifestation, the more I am stirred by its mystery. [j][17]:61 For the final scene, a stage at the Selznick studio was equipped with a working furnace, and multiple takes were required to show the sled being put into the fire and the word "Rosebud" consumed. [68]:74 A special effects camera crew from Walker's department was required for the extreme close-up shots such as Kane's lips when he says "Rosebud" and the shot of the typewriter typing Susan's bad review. est la réponse d’une équipe de restaurateurs aux circonstances du moment. [147] Citizen Kane was a runner up to the top 10 in its 1952 poll but was voted as the greatest film ever made in its 1962 poll,[148] retaining the top spot in every subsequent poll[149][150][151] until 2012, when Vertigo displaced it. [16]:186 Unaware of filmmaking protocol, Welles adjusted the lights on set as he was accustomed to doing in the theater; Toland quietly re-balanced them, and was angry when one of the crew informed Welles that he was infringing on Toland's responsibilities. [97][98], Comparisons have also been made between the career and character of Donald Trump and Charles Foster Kane. [66], French film critic André Bazin defended the film, writing: "In this respect, the accusation of plagiarism could very well be extended to the film's use of panchromatic film or its exploitation of the properties of gelatinous silver halide." Clutching a snowglobe, he whispers “Rosebud,” then dies. Welles and cinematographer Gregg Toland prepare to film the post-election confrontation between Kane and Leland, shot from an extremely low angle that required cutting into the set floor. [d][17]:49, The character of Jedediah Leland was based on drama critic Ashton Stevens, George Stevens's uncle and Welles's close boyhood friend. [16]:223 Welles's new business manager and attorney permitted the contract to lapse. [69]:82–84, The technique of flashbacks had been used in earlier films, notably The Power and the Glory (1933),[71] but no film was as immersed in it as Citizen Kane. [15]:100, Welles used an aural technique from radio called the "lightning-mix". [233] The rest of the world continued to receive home video releases based on the older transfer. Kane finally allowed her to abandon singing after she attempted suicide. A Hollywood Review headline read, "Mr. setting (time) Approximately 1860 to 1950. setting (place) America. [58] There was some location filming at Balboa Park in San Diego and the San Diego Zoo. With one brain cell working, the chief realized that such hysterical barking by the trained seals would attract too much attention to the picture. [16]:206 The next day, the front page headline in Daily Variety read, "HEARST BANS RKO FROM PAPERS. And Samuel Insull." ... A lot of filmmakers know enough to follow Auguste Renoir's advice to fill the eyes with images at all costs, but only Orson Welles understood that the sound track had to be filled in the same way. Thompson concludes that he is unable to solve the mystery and that the meaning of Kane's last word will forever remain an enigma. Welles had difficulty seeing clearly while wearing them, which caused him to badly cut his wrist when shooting the scene in which Kane breaks up the furniture in Susan's bedroom. "[14]:118–119, 130, Following "The War of the Worlds" broadcast of his CBS radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air, Welles was lured to Hollywood with a remarkable contract. [230], In 2001, Warner Home Video released a 60th Anniversary Collectors Edition DVD. [15]:15 It was agreed that Welles would film Heart of Darkness, previously adapted for The Mercury Theatre on the Air, which would be presented entirely through a first-person camera. [81]:46–47, Before the actors went before the cameras each day, the pliable pieces were applied directly to their faces to recreate Seiderman's sculptural image. Classic vintage with discs, film background info, collectors edition. [231][232] The DVD was criticized for being "too bright, too clean; the dirt and grime had been cleared away, but so had a good deal of the texture, the depth, and the sense of film grain. At first he simply wanted to spend three months in Hollywood and earn enough money to pay his debts and fund his next theatrical season. That was something new in Hollywood: nobody seemed interested in bringing in a group to rehearse before scenes were shot. [30]:78 He specifically acknowledged that aspects of Kane were drawn from the lives of two business tycoons familiar from his youth in Chicago—Samuel Insull and Harold Fowler McCormick. Walker. [164] The film's score was one of 250 nominees for the top 25 film scores in American cinema in another 2005 AFI poll. [201] Bauer's son told CBS News that his mother had once wanted to paint the sled and use it as a plant stand, but Bauer told her to "just save it and put it in the closet. Cinematographer Arthur Edeson used a wider-angle lens than Toland and the film includes many long takes, low angles and shots of the ceiling, but it did not use deep focus shots on large sets to the extent that Citizen Kane did. Instead Herrmann used what he later described as "radio scoring", musical cues typically 5–15 seconds in length that bridge the action or suggest a different emotional response. [55] "As it turned out, the first day I ever walked onto a set was my first day as a director," Welles said. This was partially rectified in 2016 with the release of the 75th Anniversary Edition in both the UK and US, which was a straight repackaging of the main disc from the 70th Anniversary Edition. The reviews for this screening were positive. Ten were billed as Mercury Actors, members of the skilled repertory company assembled by Welles for the stage and radio performances of the Mercury Theatre, an independent theater company he founded with Houseman in 1937. [15]:1–2, 153 RKO executives would not be allowed to see any footage until Welles chose to show it to them, and no cuts could be made to either film without Welles's approval. Rosenbaum also points out how the film influenced Warren Beatty's Reds. “Citizen Kane” likes playful paradoxes like that. Setting can tell you just about everything you need to know in this movie, since the three major locations Charles Kane lives in mark the three stages of his life. While a critical success, Citizen Kane failed to recoup its costs at the box office. 14. [18]:245–246, One of the long-standing controversies about Citizen Kane has been the authorship of the screenplay. "[95][96] Media mogul Rupert Murdoch is sometimes labeled as a latter-day Citizen Kane. Citizen Kane was listed second. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper (an arch-rival of Louella Parsons, the Hollywood correspondent for Hearst papers) showed up to the screening uninvited. [111], Radio City Music Hall's management refused to screen Citizen Kane for its premiere. [17]:49, As a known supporter of President Roosevelt,[34] whom both McCormick and Hearst opposed based on his successful attempts to control the content of radio programs and his ongoing efforts to control print, Welles may have had incentive to use the film to smear both men. A 14-year-old girl had reportedly been hidden in the closet of his room, and two photographers were waiting for him to walk in. Edeson and Toland are often credited together for revolutionizing cinematography in 1941. [86]:79[91], One of the editing techniques used in Citizen Kane was the use of montage to collapse time and space, using an episodic sequence on the same set while the characters changed costume and make-up between cuts so that the scene following each cut would look as if it took place in the same location, but at a time long after the previous cut. [15]:85 Welles boasted that he only went 21 days over his official shooting schedule, without factoring in the month of "camera tests. [218], In 1955, RKO sold the American television rights to its film library, including Citizen Kane, to C&C Television Corp.[219] In 1960, television rights to the pre-1959 RKO's live-action library were acquired by United Artists. It was a hobby with me which became big business. [15]:37 In the weeks before production began Welles, Toland and Ferguson met regularly to discuss the film and plan every shot, set design and prop. [46]:99 After watching the film on January 29, 1942 Kenneth Williams, then aged 15, writing in his first diary curtly described it as "boshey rot",[128] bosh meaning empty or meaningless, nonsense or foolish. When he found the wigs too full, he untied one hair at a time to alter their shape. Art director Perry Ferguson represents the behind-the-scenes craftsmen of filmmaking in the series; he is depicted completing a sketch for Citizen Kane. [44], Not all of the cast came from the Mercury Players. The amount of respect that movie has is absolutely unbelievable! This was done by presenting a flashback as its own scene after while the character of who is telling the story fades away. "I painted them to age in phases, ending with the blood vessels and the arcus senilis of old age. [17]:61–62, Welles credited Toland on the same title card as himself. Schaefer remained a great supporter[15]:1–2, 153 and saw the unprecedented contract as good publicity. Thompson interviews Kane's personal business manager, Mr. Bernstein. He made a plaster mold of Welles's body down to the hips. [12], Hollywood had shown interest in Welles as early as 1936. [163] "Rosebud" was chosen as the 17th most memorable movie quotation in a 2005 AFI poll. The background stays out-of-focus, and the audience is waiting for the camera to uncover what … In July 1941,[135][136] Welles reluctantly signed a new and less favorable deal with RKO[16]:223 under which he produced and directed The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), produced Journey into Fear (1943), and began It's All True, a film he agreed to do without payment. [184] Abbas Kiarostami's The Traveler has been called "the Citizen Kane of the Iranian children's cinema. Leland wonders if this Kane's mustache was inserted into the makeup surface a few hairs at a time, to realistically vary the color and texture. Schaefer stood by Welles and opposed the board of governors. [188] Yasujirō Ozu said it was his favorite non-Japanese film and was impressed by its techniques. [15]:64, Still photographs of Oheka Castle in Huntington, New York, were used in the opening montage, representing Kane's Xanadu estate. ), Jaglom, Henry and Welles, Orson. Granting final cut privilege was unprecedented for a studio since it placed artistic considerations over financial investment. Citizen Kane’s Susan is an aspiring opera singer whose pitifully meager talents are only highlighted by Kane’s relentless promotion of her career: the more she is ridiculed, the more his pride is hurt, and the harder he pushes her. [90], In 1972, Herrmann said, "I was fortunate to start my career with a film like Citizen Kane, it's been a downhill run ever since!"
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