Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), also called eastern hemlock, is a member of the pine family and native to North America. Eastern hemlock produces tannins, which dye nearby streams a deep reddish-brown; these astringent chemicals were used for tanning leather in the 1800s. Hemlock Tree Facts. GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Eastern hemlock is a native, evergreen conifer with heavily foliaged and upsweeping branches. It is furrowed and covered with scales. Today, the lumber Animals that feed off this tree include rabbits, deer and squirrels, who prefer the twigs while porcupines prefer the bark. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), sometimes called Pacific hemlock, thrives in the moist coastal ranges from Alaska to northern California, and also climbs mountain slopes in Idaho and Montana. Native American Indians used them for basket-weaving, tanning, items for children, and wool coloring. The eastern hemlock grows well in shade and is very long lived, with the oldest recorded specimen, found in Tionesta, Pennsylvania, being at least 554 years old. The needles and cone seeds are eaten by Flower: Species is monoecious; males yellow, small, round; females light green at branch tips. When compared to Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Eastern Hemlock generally has wider growth rings, though both species can have tightly spaced growth rings. The male cones are tiny and insignificant. industry relies heavily on this tree for paneling, furniture, and flooring. The tree generally reaches heights of about 31 m (102 ft), [4] but exceptional trees have been recorded up to 53 m (174 ft). The root system of this species is shallow, making the tree vulnerable to ground fires, drought, and wind. Hemlock trees also help cool the forest in summer and block snowfall from the forest floor in winter, making it easier for animals to navigate in harsh winters. A tree measuring 193 cm (76 in) in d.b.h. Western Hemlock Facts A large evergreen coniferous tree native to the west coast of North America, the western hemlock tree is the largest species of hemlock (growing an average of 50 - 70 meters tall, and sometimes to 78 meters) with a trunk diameter of up to 2.7 meters. 1. The Hemlock Tree has been a valuable resource throughout history. Virgin timber eastern hemlock trees (Tsuga canadensis) at Cathedral State Park (largest virgin timber tract remaining in West Virginia); photo by Rich McGervey on Flickr (noncommercial use permitted with attribution / share alike). Eastern Hemlock Tree Images and Facts Introduction to Eastern Hemlock. One of the largest eastern hemlock recorded was 175 feet (53 m) tall and 76 inches (193 cm) in d.b.h. It now threatens the entire hemlock population of the eastern United States. The branches are pendulous, and cones are smaller than spruce or pine and more abundant. Further, the … Starting in the 1940s the wood from Hemlock trees became increasingly used for lumber. The needles have rows of tiny teeth on the margins and appear to grow in flat sprays on the lower limbs of trees. Trunk bark is gray or gray-brown, consisting of broad flat plates and shallow longitudinal furrows. They are abundant throughout the tree. The cones of the eastern hemlock are oval shaped, and are 12 to 20 millimetres long. The eastern hemlock is the state tree of Pennsylvania. The eastern hemlock (also called Canada hemlock or hemlock spruce) was pronounced the most picturesque and beautiful of the world's evergreens by A. J. The needles vary between 1/4 and 3/4 inch in length and alternate along a 4- to 6-inch stem. Eastern Hemlock Eastern Hemlock is known as “the softwood that acts like a hardwood”. A tree measuring 76 in in d.b.h. Source | Reference Links | Additional Resources, Pennsylvania's State Symbols (pdf): PA Senate R, FAQ Pennsylvania: Free Library of Philadelphia, MyNature Apps; Identifying an Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. Name Hemlock; ... Canada pitch tree, hemlock gum tree, hemlock pitch tree, hemlock tree, eastern hemlock, weeping spruce, pine tops, tanner’s bark, hemlock bark, hemlock leaves, hemlock spruce, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, herb bennet, spotted corobane and musquash root are some of the popular common names of the plant. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), also called Canada hemlock or hemlock spruce, is a... Hemlock Wooley Adelgid. Bark of hemlock tree can be grey or reddish-brown colored. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière – eastern hemlock Subordinate Taxa. They are glossy and yellowish-green in appearance on the upper surface and whitish over most of the lower surface. Previously it was generally regarded as being too knotty. As the tree ages, the bark becomes thick and furrowed. A slow-growing, long-lived tree which can take 250 - 300 years to reach maturity and may live for 800 years or more. Overview Information Eastern hemlock is a plant. Eastern Hemlock is also the state tree of Pennsylvania. You’ll see the trees in the wild growing on woody slopes, rocky ridges, and river valleys from eastern Canada south to Georgia and Alabama. [6] Hemlock Tree, however, is not poisonous. Native to the eastern United States, the hemlock resembles a large Christmas tree with its broadly pyramidal, pendulous branches; fine, dark-green needles; and abundant brown cones that hang from branches like small ornaments. Although not related, the Hemlock Tree got its name from the poisonous Hemlock plant because of the similar scent it gives off when the needles are crushed. One of the more shade-tolerant evergreens, the eastern hemlock has many uses as a specimen, sheared as a hedge, or planted for screening. The hemlock woolly adelgid (scientific name Adelges tsugae) was first reported in the Eastern United States in the state of Virginia in 1951, where it was likely brought in on infested nursery stock from Japan. The hemlock wooly adelgid was first found on ornamental eastern hemlock in 1954 in Richmond, Virginia, but was not considered a serious pest because it was easily controlled with pesticides. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), also called Canada hemlock or hemlock spruce, is a slow-growing long-lived tree which unlike many trees grows well in shade. In southern Appalachian forests, Carolina and eastern hemlock occupy distinct ecological niches. Leaf: Evergreen, 1/2 inch long, dark green in color, with 2 lines of white stomata … This triangular shaped, medium sized tree has short, less than 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) flat needles that are attached to twigs on the tree. Its ability to withstand hard pruning make it a desirable ornamental tree. Eastern hemlock trees were used by early settlers to build log cabins and as a source of tannic acid (for tanning leather). The eastern hemlock (also called Canada hemlock or hemlock spruce) was pronounced the most picturesque and beautiful of the world's evergreens by A. J. The western hemlock lives a long life (trees over 1200 years old are known). HWA became a pest of concern in the late 1980s as it spread into natural stands. Facts The mighty spires of eastern hemlock can tower over other trees, especially in old-growth forests and moist, cool ravines where it grows best and can live up to 800 years. It has since spread and is now found in the east from northern Georgia to coastal Maine and southwestern Nova Scotia. Learn more about the plant, including its various species. The woody cones are oval shaped and grow from the end of the branches. The thick foliage of hemlock trees shelter birds and other animals. The wood of Eastern hemlock is quite knotty. Many species of wildlife benefit from the excellent habitat that a dense stand of hemlock provides. It develops conical or irregularly shaped crown. In the late fall and winter, the seeds fall out of the cones and onto the ground. Downing, "the father of landscape gardening in America.". Interesting Facts The oldest recorded eastern hemlock, found in Pennsylvania, was more than 554 years old. The toxic chemicals differ in each plant, but there is a general similarity in the way they work. The Hemlock is commonly used in landscaping designs, as a stand-alone tree and as an aid against erosion. All State Trees, Eastern hemlock trees were used by early settlers to build log cabins and as a source of tannic acid (for tanning leather). birds. They are less than one inch long and spirally arranged on the branches. Eastern Hemlock Tsuga canadensis Pine family (Pinaceae) Description: This tree usually has a single trunk up to 5' across and a conical crown up to120' tall. The tree is not abundant in Nebraska but is occasionally found in protected landscape plantings, especially where a shade-tolerant evergreen is desired. The 5/16 to 9/16 inch needles (Petrides, 1972) are flat and green above with white, shallow, bands on the underside. The Hemlock Tree is also known by the following names: Spruce Pine, Hemlock spruce, tanbark, and weeping spruce. This plant has no children Legal Status. Some are important timber trees, and many are popular ornamentals. eastern hemlock Pinaceae Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière symbol: TSCA Leaf: Evergreen, flat, single needles, 1/2 inch long, tapering to a dull point, primarily two-ranked, shiny dark green above, 2 lines of white stomata below. Canadian or Eastern hemlock trees are members of the Pinaceae (pine) family. This tree also ranks high for ornamental planting. Conium, two species.An extract of Conium maculatum was used to execute Socrates.This is the plant most often referred to as hemlock. Short-lived populations in Ontario have been identified and eliminated. The needles are rounded at the tip, dark green above and pale silvery below. This conifer is unusual in that the terminal leader often droops instead of giving the tree a typical pointed top like that of most trees in the pine family. Other common uses include floor joists, […] Interesting Hemlock Facts: Hemlock can reach 33 to 197 feet in height. Hemlock Tree Identification Facts The deeply ridged, scaly bark of the tree generally ranges from grey to reddish-brown and usually gets darker as it ages. The bark of the tree has become valuable as a source of tannic acid which, when infused into leather, makes it softer and stronger. This tea was made by the Iroquois Indians for centuries. Its inner bark was used by the Alaska Indians to produce coarse bread. Eastern hemlock is a shade-tolerant native of the eastern US growing from Minnesota to Maine and south to the higher elevations of Georgia. Pine needle tea, which contains vitamin C, can be made from the Hemlock Tree. The flowers of the tree form separate male and female cones. Eastern hemlock tree (Tsuga canadensis) boughs with new growth; photo by Eric Hunt on Flickr (noncommercial use permitted with attribution / no derivative works), The eastern hemlock (Tsunga canadensis) was designated official state tree of Pennsylvania in 1931. Overview Information Water hemlock is considered to be the most poisonous plant growing in North America. It may take 250 to 300 years to reach maturity and may live for 800 years or more. The bark is used as medicine. Wetland Status. Eastern varieties can be found in USDA hardiness zones 3 through 8; Western species are found in zone 6 but can adapt to other zones. Downing, "the father of landscape gardening in America." Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), also called Canada hemlock or hemlock spruce, is a slow-growing long-lived tree which unlike many trees grows well in shade. If you have heard of poison hemlock, particularly the hemlock that ancient Greek philosopher Socrates was forced to drink, Canadian or Eastern hemlock is not the same plant; no part of this tree is poisonous. Its weight and structural strength makes it a favorite for beams and posts. The eastern hemlock is a prevalent tree in Pennsylvania forests. The deeply ridged, scaly bark of the tree generally ranges from grey to reddish-brown and usually gets darker as it ages. Eastern Hemlock Facts and Features: Mature Size: 30 m. (100 ft.) Hemlock Facts. and 175 ft. tall is among the largest recorded. The eastern hemlock, on the other hand, dominates the eastern forest landscape, occurring up and down the east coast from Canada to Alabama, and spreading as far west as Minnesota. At maturity, it is commonly 60 to 70 feet (18-21 m) tall and 24 to 48 inches (61-122 cm) in d.b.h. Interpreting Wetland Status. It may take 250 to 300 years to reach maturity and may live for 800 years or more. The needles are attached to the t… Hemlock is a herbal poison got from several related plants in the Apiaceae family. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) plants its roots from Canada south to Georgia and west across the Great Lakes states to Minnesota. The bark is dark brown to reddish brown in color. In 1947, western hemlock was designated as the “Washington State Tree.” Native people used hemlock bark as a tanning agent and cleansing solution, owing to its high tannin content. The Eastern Hemlock has a loose, irregular, feathery silhouette, with fine, lacy twigs whose tips tend to droop gracefully. Hemlock bark was once the source of tannin for the leather industry; now the wood is important to the pulp and paper industry. and 53.3 m (175 ft) tall is among the largest recorded. It takes 20-40 years for the Hemlock to produce seeds in the pinecones. The Hemlock produces some of the smallest cones in the pine family. The leaves are flat needles with a groove down the center. This tree has short, flat, blunt, flexible needles, about ½ inch long. Populations of HWA are also found in western North America, including Canada, where it has most likel… Hemlocks are large pyramid-shaped evergreens. Western hemlocks can achieve heights of 150 feet while Eastern hemlocks average 40 to 70 feet, but can get to 100 feet, according to the Arbor Day Foundation. The Further, the wood is brittle (especially if dried under 10 percent MC) and splinters easily when nailed. It may take 250 to 300 years to reach maturity and may live for 800 years or more. The leafy lateral branches have a tendency to arrange themselves in horizontal layers. The only color change on the foliage signifies new or old growth with dark green being old growth and light green to yellow being new growth. Hemlock develops flat, needle-like leaves. Currently, the species is threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid, a non-native insect that kills infested trees. With heights of up to 150 feet (45.72 meters), Western Hemlocks are larger than Eastern Hemlocks which usually top out at 70 feet 21.33 meters). Hemlock, any of about 14 species of coniferous evergreen trees comprising the genus Tsuga of the family Pinaceae, native to North America and central and eastern Asia. For those looking for a harder, stronger and more cost effective alternative to Eastern White Pine, Eastern Hemlock is a great choice. Eastern hemlock is a graceful native evergreen tree. All parts of the water hemlock are toxic and can cause death in as little as 15 minutes.
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