The infighting came against the background of a volatile situation on the ground in which hundreds, if not thousands, of militias operate, mirroring Libya’s diverse geography and social fabric. “, My sense of developments in Libya these days is that the newly established GNU may manage to succeed where previous governing structures failed, but only if it garners a more widespread legitimacy within Libya (in both the east and west), something its predecessor, the GNA, sorely lacked. (Input from Sarah Feuer, Ben Fishman, Wolfgang Pusztai, and Aude Thomas is taken from e-mail interviews that these four experts have given to the author in exclusive for this Catalonia Global Institute article.). December 17, 2016 marked the 1-year anniversary of the Libyan Political Agreement. It is an opportune time to review the Obama administration's policy in Libya. Found insideDespite the existence of a supposed national unity government led by Fayez el-Sarraj, Libya remains basically divided into three zones of distinct influence ... Emadeddin Badi is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council’s Middle East Program and a Senior Analyst at the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Found inside – Page 111.2.2 Government of National Unity and the Rise of the Islamic State Group ... with both the HoR and the GNC governments—including some of Libya's major oil ... But even in Tripoli, the obstacles to government formation could make it difficult for Dabeiba’s ministers to take office, and acting ministers—among them Bashagha—may prove difficult partners for him. Western Libyan armed groups cannot accept a leading role for Haftar, while for Haftar his claim to single-handed leadership over the army remains non-negotiable. Libya’s unity government has racked up a few victories as the country’s interim Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibah received a warm welcome by his Egyptian counterparts during a visit last week, signing several deals with Cairo … The designated Prime Minister (PM) and head of the Government of National Unity (GNU), Abdelhamid Dabaiba, is a wealthy and transactional businessman with handy experience in the construction sector. In Libya’s mostly barren southern two-thirds, the southwestern Fezzan region and the southern lands of Cyrenaica —, several local armed groups emerged with their own agendas. and the UAE, which in their turn had supplied Haftar’s forces with drones. The U.N. Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) is facilitating discussions among LPDF members, the HOR, The undersigned human rights groups call for a halt to the issuance of the new regulation on the right to freedom of association in Libya, proposed by the Government of National Unity in Tripoli on 31 July.A group of human rights organizations had then expressed reservations about the government’s proposal, which represents a flagrant violation of Article 15 … Ankara while on the other with Paris, which adds to Italy’s ambiguous position. TACSI : Waxaan halkan idinku soo gudbinaynaa barnaamij kooban oo kusaabsan tacsidii gudoomiyihii guud ee jaaliyada Awbakar. 24. During the last decade, we have witnessed an increasing number of rocket launches and a renewed competition between countries to send probes and even humans into Space. Description. Found inside – Page 58-4... and a national unity government is created ( U.S. Department of State , 2015a , b ) . References Cited African Development Bank , 2014 , Libya country ... “[But] I don’t see much indication from Russia and other outside actors that they intend to reduce their presence. Libya’s warring sides might be moving towards a political settlement through upcoming elections but risks for a military conflict remain. They were agreed under a political roadmap stemming from the historic October 2020 ceasefire between Libya’s rival authorities, and the establishment of a Government of National Unity (GNU) earlier this year. The state of play: Libya achieved an unexpected breakthrough in March by forming a national unity government that was recognized by all the major players from opposing sides of the barricades. This and the fact that Italy’s, diplomats are some of the most familiar with Libya’s complex dynamics,” as Fishman puts it, help explain Italy’s somewhat ambiguous stance during the conflict, mostly supporting the GNA while at the same time cultivating relations with Haftar. Libya’s warring sides might be moving towards a political settlement through upcoming elections but risks for a military conflict remain. Russia, Turkey, and the UAE had ample opportunity to subvert the talks had they ever felt their influence threatened by a genuinely united government that would prioritize Libyan sovereignty and principles of non-interference. This is the case for Italy and France, who appear to have subordinated their role in those alliances to their own national interests, following clearly different strategies. Haftar could maintain an ambivalent attitude towards the new body, occasionally veering towards open hostility, while maximally exploiting the opportunities the new structure offers. The GNU, backed by the United Nations, replaces the Government of National Accord and the Interim Government in eastern Libya. Distrust and the rifts of the latest war run deep. Found insideThe urgent need now is to see a Government of national unity created and for the Libyan people to deal collectively with the threat to their society that is ... This is the case for Italy and France, who appear to have subordinated their role in those alliances to their own national interests, following clearly different strategies — even if, to do that, they needed to support a non-UN recognised actor, such as France with Haftar. and many of them have to do with the geopolitical implications of the process. Instead, competing factions inside and outside the new government will continue to mobilize support from these very powers. This is to discuss the security preparations for the elections scheduled for 24 December. Found inside – Page 121To stifle opposition, Qaddafi made it clear that his government would brook no opposition. Opposition, he declared, was harmful to Libya's national unity. A joint letter to the Prime Minister of the Government of National Unity, Abdel Hamid Dbeibah. "This a historic day for the House Representatives," declared Speaker Aguila Saleh. and even told France — also Ankara’s rival in Libya — to withdraw its forces from several Sahel countries. The LPDF roadmap relies on one of the two parliaments, the House of Representatives, to endorse the new unity government. Forum and members of Libya’s House of Representatives (HOR, interim parliament last elected in 2014) approved an interim executive authority and interim Government of National Unity (GNU) to replace the GNA in March 2021. The post-election period might really pave the way “for uncertainty,” the analyst concludes. It will also be necessary to reduce the influence of foreign actors such as Turkey, the UAE, and especially Russia,” research fellow at Israel’s Institute for National Security Studies (INSS). Libya’s New Government of National Unity May Not Usher In Lasting Stability – Libya Tribune. Such an approach means that, in Turkey’s eyes, its potential EEZ, spans well into the middle of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, and shares a maritime border with Libya’s EEZ, to the detriment of Greece and Egypt. While its weak power base makes it somewhat less likely that the new executive can hold onto power indefinitely, the factions that it will accommodate will seek to delay elections as long as possible. Found inside – Page 46... it unlikely that there will be a quick resolution to the conflict in Libya. ... the conclusion of UN-led negotiations for a national unity government. To work around this, the UNSMIL’s roadmap relies on the LPDF for an alternative endorsement. He stated that he would not assign a ministerial portfolio to any minster who would not be able to work “in all parts of Libya.”. including economy, infrastructures, and administration — and preparing the way towards the December 24th general election. “Southern Libya, especially the southwestern province Fezzan, has a key function for the stability of the wider southern Sahara region,” coincides Pusztai. The report claims that the logo was created as part of a competition launched by the new government. The deal set a three-month deadline for the withdrawal of mercenaries and foreign fighters. Libya is arguably the North African country with the weakest sense of nationhood and state-building process over the last decades. This new executive is tasked with forming a Government of National Unity, that will in turn prepare Libya for general elections in December 2021. Subscriu-te a al nostre butlletí i les rebràs per email. Found insideForming a national unity government proved to be impossible and rebel forces declared their own state in oilrich eastern Libya. Members of the Internal Security Agency (ISA), a collection of powerful armed groups operating in eastern Libya, have committed harrowing human rights abuses to silence critics and opponents, including detaining … “The same logic applies to Wagner. It will take some time to work out the specific political and economic arrangements for regions, sub-regions, and minority groups.”, Yet another essential factor for Libya’s division is the fact that, over the last ten years, several powers have tried to fill the vacuum and seize the opportunities created in Libya. Meanwhile, the Tobruk government in the east did not join the GNA, it continued to exert control over the eastern regions — including the armed forces loyal to it, the Libyan National Army (LNA) led by former general Halifa Khaftar — and was supported by Egypt, the UAE, France, Saudi Arabia, and Russia. And indeed, to what extent is this political process in danger of failing? It will also be necessary to reduce the influence of foreign actors such as Turkey, the UAE, and especially Russia,” research fellow at Israel’s Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) Sarah Feuer argues. Libya's unity government sworn in. They have consolidated their presence in eastern and southern Libya where oil fields and strategic military bases are located. A key dynamic to watch will be Russian-Turkish coordination.” Interestingly, the same can be said of other regional scenarios, such as Syria or the Caucasus. They, play a critical role for whoever wishes to control the area, including its oil industry and its smuggling and trafficking routes crossing into neighboring countries. Crèdits: Wikipedia. Some of these groups are Tuareg or Tebu, who have links to their cross-border ethnic kin in Algeria, Mali, Niger, and Chad, and independently negotiate their alliances with either of the aforementioned blocs, also shifting them if in their interest. The interim Government of National Unity has agreed with the Telecom Holding Company to develop and improve the telecommunications infrastructure for the entire southern region. “The Mavi Vatan doctrine is a key element in President Erdogan’s strategy for Turkey’s economic recovery – gas exploration- and the expansion of influence in the Eastern Mediterranean as well as in the Black Sea,” says Pusztai, who argues this is why the 2019 deal “is an important strategic end for Turkey and a centrepiece in its Libya policy. Libya's Government of National Unity receives Turkish visit Event On May 3rd a Turkish delegation visited Libya's capital, Tripoli, to discuss ways to examine enhancing bilateral relations with the interim Government of National Unity (GNU) . Libyan Prime Minister-designate Abdul Hamid Dbeibah addresses lawmakers during the first reunited parliamentarian session on March 9, 2021, in the coastal city of Sirte, east of the Libyan capital of Tripoli. Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh (Tripolitania) was elected as the new prime minister, while, Mohamed al-Menfi (Cyrenaica), Musa al-Koni (Fezzan) and. Hide Footnote Al-Thinni welcomed in person the new government’s Deputy Prime Minister Hussein al-Qatrani (from eastern Libya) and ten other ministers, and symbolically handed power (and the offices the east-based government had used) to them. As a result, no common political vision unites the four people who have been elected to lead the new executive. While everyone seems to agree on holding an election before the year ends, it’s not clear that everyone will accept its results, according to Atoui. The Tobruk-based parliament and the Tripoli-based state council are “diverging upon the roadmap of the timing of the elections and what the elections would be about,” he adds. This is also the main driving element for the French involvement in Libya, as terrorists from Fezzan are harming vital French interests in neighboring countries (e.g. It must be recalled that the GNU is but an interim government that is expected to be replaced by another after the December 2021 election. Within the context of the so-called “Arab Spring”, the regime of Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, who had ruled unchallenged since 1969, was toppled by an armed rebellion in 2011, leading to the First Libyan Civil War. “The GNU’s main challenge at the domestic level will be to provide security and prevent renewed clashes between local armed groups in Tripolitania, which have a tendency to use violence in the absence of a common enemy – namely Khalifa Haftar,” argues Aude Thomas, research fellow at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique (FRS), as “armed groups will most certainly fight to keep their privilege and position within strategic institutions.” Along with the need to “cope with the Covid-19 pandemic” in a country where “medical infrastructures have suffered a lack of investment and numerous shelling during armed combat,” Thomas underlines that “the GNU will also have to avoid being the instrument of local rivalry – a difficult task knowing the cabinet was constituted in order to reach a balance of power between Libya’s three regions to prevent any political deadlock.”, In the longer run, “future arrangements reflecting the makeup of Libya and its political representation need to be decided through a transparent national process, whether it is through a renewed National Dialogue that was aborted when Haftar attacked Tripoli in April 2019, through the recent LPDF, which the UN convened specifically to be geographically inclusive, a constitutional referendum, or some other format,” says Ben Fishman, a senior fellow at The Washington Institute. But Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdo, he was unwilling to do so until all other foreign actors. Southern Libya, especially the southwestern province Fezzan, has a key function for the stability of the wider southern Sahara region,” coincides Pusztai. “According to this doctrine, islands do not have an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), but only 6 nautical miles of territorial waters. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. The country's new prime minister is now tasked with maintaining the peace and, most importantly, facilitating the December 2021 general elections. Against that background, American diplomat Stephanie Williams, the Acting Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for Libya, launched the LPDF as a series of Libyan domestic talks in which representatives from all regions ultimately agreed on a mechanism to select a unified executive authority for the war-ravaged country. On this historic day, the entirety of Libya was unified under a single, national authority, setting the stage for the upcoming presidential and parliamentary elections scheduled for 24 December 2021, Libya’s 70th Independence Day. Each of the four will now come under pressure from competing factions to reciprocate with appointments in the new government. Llegenda: verd Govern d’Acord Nacional; vermell Govern de Tobruk; blau mílicies locals. The infighting came against the background of a volatile situation on the ground in which hundreds, if not thousands, of militias operate, mirroring Libya’s diverse geography and social fabric. The state of play: Libya achieved an unexpected breakthrough in March by forming a national unity government that was recognized by all the major players from opposing sides of the barricades. Copyright © 2014 wajeernews. This and the fact that Italy’s “diplomats are some of the most familiar with Libya’s complex dynamics,” as Fishman puts it, help explain Italy’s somewhat ambiguous stance during the conflict, mostly supporting the GNA while at the same time cultivating relations with Haftar. Members of Libya's transitional Government of National Unity headed by Prime Minister Abdulhamid Dbeibah are due to attend as well as world powers and regional players. They were agreed under a political roadmap stemming from the historic October 2020 ceasefire between Libya’s rival authorities, and the establishment of a Government of National Unity (GNU) earlier this year. Libya represents a significant market for reconstruction projects. Now all the country … For both Saleh and Haftar, maintaining the eastern government in place will remain useful to limit the new executive’s influence, and retain separate funding streams. Libya has been ravaged by bloodshed since the overthrow and assassination of former dictator Muammar Gaddafi in a NATO-backed revolt in 2011. Forum and members of Libya’s House of Representatives (HOR, interim parliament last elected in 2014) approved an interim executive authority and interim Government of National Unity (GNU) to replace the GNA in March 2021. “Currently Fezzan serves more or less as a safe haven for groups like AQIM or the Islamic State, who are active in Algeria, Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso. The United Nations had announced Fayez Saraj as the New Prime Minister of the national unity government in Libya on 10 October 2015. Six months after a ceasefire ended the most recent civil war, the UN and U.S. have been expressing a rare sentiment: optimism about events in Libya. April 21, 2021. to which an array of other countries, such as France, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United Arab Emirates, must be added. Found inside – Page 454... of national ownership, on immediate next steps towards completing Libya's political transition, including the formation of a national unity government, ... Published in September 2016, this Congressional Research Service CSR Report RL33142 discusses the post-revolution era in Libya, including politics, governance, and security. Or rather, does the GNU have better prospects to survive and unify the country than the GNA had in 2015? Libya has been split between Islamist-backed government in Tripoli and internationally recognised government in country’s east. While this solves one issue, collaterally it will create a new […], The promise of post-Cold War liberal internationalism has been one of the most compelling narratives in our recent history. The undersigned human rights groups call for a halt to the issuance of the new regulation on the right to freedom of association in Libya, proposed by the Government of National Unity in Tripoli on 31 July.A group of human rights organizations had then expressed reservations about the government… Rome. Where is Libya’s unity government headed? “Turkey has a deep strategic interest in a long-term relationship with Libya,” says Ben Fishman, “not just for security commitments, but for economic and commercial opportunities. We encourage this new leadership, upon assuming power, to take the necessary steps to ensure free and fair national elections on December 24 as a key step toward finalizing a political solution to end a decade of conflict. eries of Libyan domestic talks in which representatives from all regions ultimately agreed on a mechanism to select a unified executive authority for the war-ravaged country. — the EU and the United States — are of relative importance vis-a-vis other (re)emerging actors such as Turkey, Russia, or the UAE. The toppling and killing of longtime ruler Muammar Gadhafi in a 2011 NATO-backed uprising plunged Libya into a bloody, decade-long struggle for power. Maxamed Cabdi oo si Rasmi ah Xilka ula Wareegay. He is expected to replace two rival cabinets that have dominated the North African country’s west and east respectively, each with different foreign backers, since 2014. 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