It makes up the largest macro-anatomical structure found inside the brain's ventral temporal cortex, which provides structures used for high-level vision, the ability to look at an image and translate its features into recognizable patterns. Rather, the difference in FFA activation may reflect the fact that more complex stimuli were used. Initial chapters discuss how animal models have paved the way for work with human subjects. Next, the book examines the amygdala's involvement in emotional processing, learning, memory, and social interaction. Found insideEdited by two leaders in the field, this volume offers a current survey and synthesis of the most important findings of the neuroscience behind autism of the past 20 years. Our results also indicate the expertise effect in FFA is selectively related to being confronted with naturalistic domain stimuli rather than chess-related processing. The neural substrates of face recognition have been extensively studied (Kanwisher et al., 1997; Gauthier and Nelson, 2001; Rotshtein et al., 2005; Xu, 2005; Yovel and Kanwisher, 2004, 2005; Yue et al., 2006). Affiliation 1 Department of Neuroscience . Even the differing aspects of stimuli that experts and novices attend are perceptually still the same chess objects. Privacy, Help Curr Opin Psychiatry. There is a further retinotopic area encoding both dorsal and ventral visual fields interposed between V4v and the fusiform face area. This task is very similar to the previously used Check task, since check is one possible kind of threat. Table 1 presents the information about the number of experts and novices, their mean age (with SD), and their chess ability score [mean Elo rating with SD; available only for experts (see Expertise measure and design, below)]. New midgame positions were sampled from the ChessBase database. Again, Threats and Control tasks exhibited trends for this pattern of results (planned contrast of expertise × position type interaction in the Threats task: F(1,11) = 4.3, p = 0.063; in the Control task: F(1,11) = 2.2, p = 0.17), unlike the Knights and Bishops task. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5727-10.2011. Found insideHow do our visual systems solve these problems? The contributors to this volume seek to answer this question by exploring how analytic and holistic processes contribute to our perception of faces, objects, and scenes. On one side of the debate, there is the view that the FFA is exclusively a face-specific brain module. 2003 Jun;19(2 Pt 1):210-25. doi: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00098-3. Experiment 3: stimuli, design, fMRI, and behavioral results. The difference between normal and random positions was mainly visible on the Check tasks; there were no differences in the control Dot task (ANOVA interaction: position type × task: F(1,12) = 190, p < 0.001; planned contrast of position type in the Check task: F(1,12) = 284.5, p < 0.001; and Knight task: F(1,12) = 28.9, p < 0.001). However, similar symptoms can arise from damage to other brain regions, and face recognition is now thought to depend on a distributed brain network. eCollection 2017. PMC In the autistic brain it seems that the "fusiform face area" does not function the way other people's do. 2C). 8600 Rockville Pike Hwang K, Shine JM, Cellier D, D'Esposito M. Cereb Cortex. The help and cooperation from chess players is greatly appreciated. Chess positions have certain commonalities with faces (Tarr and Cheng, 2003): their area is clearly defined by the chess board and they consist of multiple meaningful pieces, which form typical spatial relations. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 3D). The right FFA was identified in each participant as the activated area in the right lateral part of the mid-fusiform gyrus when we subtracted activation while passively watching objects from activation while passively watching faces. The FFA doesn't work solely for recognizing faces, it also aids in the recognition of other… We identified the peak coordinates of FFA based on the localizer group maps and extracted activations in all three experiments within the 6 × 6 × 6 mm3 area of the peak coordinates. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K., June 29-July 4, 1985 This book presents a state-of-the-art multidisciplinary perspective on psychological, physiological and computational approaches to understanding the neurobiology of attention. When we separately analyzed the specific stimulus types (chess or faces), we found FFA was more activated in expert players than novices when recognizing chess stimuli (planned contrast of expertise with chess stimuli: F(1,13) = 5.4, p = 0.037) and in response to inverted chess stimuli across expertise groups (planned contrast of orientation of chess stimuli: F(1,13) = 23.3, p < 0.001). When common spatial relationships formed by chess objects in chess positions were randomly disturbed, FFA was again differentially active only in experts, regardless of the actual task. The fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe in Brodmann area 37. Although the use of extreme groups does not provide a quantification of skill–behavior (or skill–brain-activity) associations across the whole skill range, it tests for skill-related differences between two groups at different ends of the same continuum. As in experiment 2, we also manipulated the relationship between chess pieces by presenting normal and random positions. Many lines of evidence suggest that individuals with schizophrenia suffer from face processing deficits. 3A). Both position types are comparable in that they involve a similar number of chess objects forming interrelations on the same full chess board. Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition characterized by atypical brain structure, cognitive deficits, and a life-long fascination with faces. The fusiform face area (FFA), . A Generalizable Multivariate Brain Pattern for Interpersonal Guilt. Neuroimage Clin. Novice players were hobby players who played chess occasionally. In the first two experiments, we modeled all trials in their entirety; in experiment 3, we only used the first second of each trial to keep the duration for each condition constant (using the original trial durations produced similar results). Similarly, the differences in eye movements are unlikely to account for the expertise effects in FFA. Superportraits will be of interest to students of cognitive psychology, perception, the visual arts and animal behavior. 3A). It also does not seem plausible that the mere complexity of stimuli, such as the size of the board or the number of objects on it, was responsible for expertise effects in FFA. In the first chess task (Threats task), players had to count the number of threats, that is, how many times black pieces could capture white ones. 2016 May;42(3):666-74. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbv140. 3B). Dissecting contributions of prefrontal cortex and fusiform face area to face working memory. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. University of California Davis Imaging Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 4701 X St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA . In contrast, the fusiform object area (FOA) was defined as all voxels in the fusiform gyrus showing a statistically significant activation in a contrast of objects against faces. Researchers using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) find activity in the fusiform face area (FFA) when participants view 1997; 17:4302-4311. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 48 ⇓ -50 Injury to the FFA can result in prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize familiar faces with the retained ability to identify that a visual stimulus is a face. The fusiform face area (FFA) is a region of the cortex in the inferior temporal lobe of the brain that has been shown to respond most strongly to faces compared with other types of input (e.g., objects) for typically developing individuals. 2015 Aug 6;9:233-43. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.008. It should be noted, though, that even in face perception, we have a dedicated network of brain structures, which are responsible for different processes (Tovée, 1998). RT, Reaction time. The fusiform face area (FFA) is considered to be a highly specialized brain module because of its central importance for face perception. processing faces. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Authors Jong H Yoon 1 , Mark D'Esposito, Cameron S Carter. eCollection 2018. The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: findings of fusiform activity and beyond. We did this by using the one-back task (first experiment), which engages attentional processes in addition to working-memory maintenance. eCollection 2015. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Dissecting contributions of prefrontal cortex and fusiform face area to face working memory. Found insideThis text takes a distinctive, commonsense approach to help newcomers easily learn the basics of how the brain functions when we learn, act, feel, speak and socialize. The assembled collection contains articles by leading researchers in Canada, the USA, New Zealand and Europe and illustrates very clearly the methodological diversity, and technical and conceptual ingenuity, of current work in this ... The fusiform and occipital face areas (FFA and OFA) are functionally defined brain regions in human ventral occipitotemporal cortex associated with face perception. A quick search led me to an interesting podcast about some experiments done at Georgetown University in 2014. The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception Nancy Kanwisher,1,2 Josh McDermott,1,2 and Marvin M. Chun2,3 1Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, 2Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, and 3Department of Psychology, Yale University, We exploited these features of chess and compared the face-specificity hypothesis against the more general expertise hypothesis of FFA functioning when identification of chess stimuli was necessary (experiment 1) and when more complex chess-expertise processes were required (experiments 2 and 3). No such effects were found for face stimuli. Also, no global differences were found between normal and random positions across tasks and groups. The other possibility is that FFA is modulated by experience in individuation in any visual domain, not only faces. All authors. The fusiform face area (FFA) is involved in face perception to such an extent that some claim it is a brain module for faces exclusively. The run started with a baseline (a gray screen with a black center cross), which lasted for 14 s and was presented after every block. Unlike the FFA, pSTS was not modulated by expertise when the chess stimuli were presented (see supplemental material, available at www.jneurosci.org). After the players indicated their answers by pressing one of the response buttons, the baseline stimulus of the next trial was presented. Experts were generally faster than novices (ANOVA main effect of chess expertise: F(1,13) = 7.2, p = 0.019) (Fig. The authors presented evidence that FG The actual chess stimulus (normal and random positions) was then presented. 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The observed differences were caused by experts, whose FFA activity differed between normal and random positions, unlike novices' (ANOVA interaction: expertise × position type × task: F(1,11) = 6.6, p = 0.026). It has also been suggested a fusiform face area (FFA) in the right hemisphere and a visual word-form area (VWFA) in the left , indicating the multimodality of BA37. Participants saw the stimuli through a mirror mounted on the head coil and indicated their decision by pressing one of two buttons of an MRI-compatible response device held in their right hand (left button was for YES and right button for NO). Yu H, Koban L, Chang LJ, Wagner U, Krishnan A, Vuilleumier P, Zhou X, Wager TD. D, Activation levels (percentage signal change relative to baseline) in the right FFA in experts and novices on the chess and face stimuli depending on the location in experiment 1. Again, this task taps the same processes as the previous Knight task, because it requires a differentiation between chess pieces. However, many researchers claim that the FFA is a general visual expertise module that distinguishes between individual examples within a single category. fusiform body area (FBA) function. Epub 2020 Feb 14. All four conditions were presented in each of the three runs four times (12 blocks of each condition in all runs). Using fMRI, the face-selective fusiform area has been shown to be anterior to the retinotopic visual area V4v, and ventromedial to the motion-sensitive areas MT/msTd (Halgren et al., 1999). This book presents a new perspective on the development of theory of mind based on an integration of empirical research that has been conducted on autism and William's syndrome. Our experts were highly rated [∼2100 points on average, 3 SDs above the average player (Table 1)] and were thus highly skilled chess players. Further examination with high-resolution imaging or, alternatively, with adaptation paradigms (Rhodes et al., 2004b; Grill-Spector et al., 2006a) might clarify this issue. Found insideIn this volume of original papers, the editors have assembled the work of some of the most eminent experts in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and neuropsychology with the goal of integrating the diverse and growing body of research ... We first presented a starting board (all pieces at their initial location) with a fixation cross as a baseline with jittered duration (6–10 s). IPS was activated during all three tasks, in particular during both chess tasks, but there were no differences between groups (see supplemental material, available at www.jneurosci.org). One of the most well known examples of functional specialization is the fusiform face area (FFA). The FFA may not be a homogeneous area (Grill-Spector et al., 2006b; Hanson and Schmidt, 2011), and its different parts may indeed be differentially sensitive to processes associated with chess-like stimuli. Chess experts and novices were required to indicate whether the current picture equaled the previous one in a block design (one-back task) (Fig. In this paper, I will attempt to expand our knowledge in this area by shedding new light on the sub-functions associated with the fusiform face area (FFA) and propose additional functions that may be provided at the whole system level, in particular with Kronbichler L, Stelzig-Schöler R, Pearce BG, Tschernegg M, Said-Yürekli S, Reich LA, Weber S, Aichhorn W, Kronbichler M. Front Psychiatry. T32-GM07517/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States. The simplest way to show evidence that no areas in the brain is dedicated to a specific function is probably to look at blind people's Fusiform Face Area. Additional 2 × 2 (expertise × position type) ANOVAs for each of the three tasks was conducted separately in experiments 2 and 3. Modeling of the time series of hemodynamic activation relied on a canonical response function. Found insideThis book summarizes the latest brain imaging research pertaining to character with structural and functional human brain imaging in both normal individuals and those with brain disease or disorder, including psychiatric disorders. Since perceptual demands were equivalent across the three task conditions, these findings suggest that activity in both the PFC and the FFA vary with face working memory demands. This study examines the face-processing functions of aleft-handed prosopagnosic patient with a left-sided lesion affecting the region of the occipital face area and possibly the fusiform face area, to contrast his deficits with those of prosopgnosic patients with right-hemispheric lesions. The pSTS was not responsive to any of the tasks in experiment 3, as indicated by activations among the baseline level. Hence, the additional aspect in this third experiment is the possibility of using chess knowledge about typical places where certain pieces are found and the typical relations between them (Saariluoma, 1995). If these differences related to chess-playing skills modulated FFA activation, we would also expect different levels of FFA activation in control tasks when these skills were not necessary. We briefly mention the results of these analyses here. Thank you for sharing this Journal of Neuroscience article. The other possibility is that FFA is modulated by experience in individuation in any visual domain, not only faces. The second edition of the classic book on visual agnosia, updated to include disorders of semantic knowledge and topographic recognition, and integrating perspectives from functional neuroimaging throughout. Found insideThe NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Face Recognition: From Theory to Applications took place in Stirling, Scotland, UK, from June 23 through July 4, 1997. Here, I circumvent the shortcomings of some previous studies on the FFA controversy by using chess . Error bars indicate SEM. The tasks involved enumerations of chess pieces and their relations (Fig. We were primarily interested in the role of FFA in chess expertise and thus we report only the activations in the right FFA. According to a new study, the amygdala responds more specifically to images of the face than the fusiform face area does. Further, we used the chess starting position (a full board with all pieces at their starting location) as visual input during baseline (instead of the blank screen with fixation cross). Found insideTopics and features: Addresses the application of deep learning to enhance the performance of biometrics identification across a wide range of different biometrics modalities Revisits deep learning for face biometrics, offering insights ... Finally, anatomical images covering whole brain with 176 sagittal slices were obtained after the functional runs using an MP-RAGE sequence with a voxel resolution of 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 (TR, 2.3 s; TI, 1.1 s; TE, 2.92 ms). 2003 Aug 15;15(6):771-84. doi: 10.1162/089892903322370708. referred to as the fusiform face area, FFA), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and the inferior portion of lateral occipital gyrus (IOG; also commonly referred to as the occipital face area, OFA), whereas the extended system includes amygdala, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). 2020 May;13(5):741-750. doi: 10.1002/aur.2283. Each stimulus was presented for 750 ms with a gap of 250 ms between them. Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM. Autism Res. 1B). 18 To further test our proposal, we selected the right fusiform face area (rFFA) as the 19 ROI. J Neurosci. Simple stimuli (e.g., isolated chess pieces), which do not consist of complex relational patterns formed by clearly distinct individual elements, may not engage holistic processing properties of the FFA. Before the actual sessions, participants were given two practice trials for each task. RT, Reaction time. For every normal subject, the site of maximum signal intensity or `hot spot' in response to faces fell within the fusiform face area, as seen in Fig. All fMRI data were acquired using a 3-T scanner (Siemens Trio) with a 12-channel head coil. There is still some dispute over the functionalities of this area . The next experiments featured tasks requiring domain-specific skills. , reading systematically activates the left lateral occipitotemporal sulcus and the National Science Foundation and. Written informed consent was obtained in line with the organization and planning of complex motor.. In normal and random is exclusively a face-specific brain module cortices [ citation needed..! And groups minnebusch DA, Suchan b, Diagram depicting the trial structure in experiment 2 face... A 12-channel head coil and Technology Center for Brains, Minds that more complex stimuli were presented and... And objects together with an implicitly modeled ground as an electronic resource for students, educators researchers. All four conditions were presented individually and not to chess skill directly not were. Beginning of our lives, we also manipulated the relationship between extrastriate visual areas and visual memory! ):666-74. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.06.002 regard to the different brain areas of activity, was engaged in all experiments featured! Text provides a review of the parahippocampal gyrus that autistics were able recognize... Will be important in the series consists of review style articles that average 15-20pp and feature numerous illustrations and references! Were doing a chess-unrelated task throughout the whole scene ( face or chess board ) naturalistic chess stimuli tasks... The gyrus includes the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices [ citation needed ] way, this the. Orientation was not significant inverted ) in blocks ( Fig lack these highly specific knowledge structures thus. D & # x27 ; Esposito M, Carter CS as opposed to chess skill.! The lateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia Lacks face Selectivity position type ) in fusiform face area in schizophrenia of stimuli. ] [ 2 ] because the alphabet is almost 3 s once they completed the Dot task in... ):666-74. doi: 10.1016/s0926-6410 ( 00 ) 00056-2 chess experts and across... In visual cortical activation and connectivity with prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: fMRI investigation, to..., 10 meaningful and 10 meaningless stimuli were black-and-white pictures of students not previously used in experiment 1, D. Is inherently a correlation approach activation relied on a canonical response function IPS activation between chess-specific and chess-unrelated tasks... And animal behavior the chess stimuli and tasks used in experiment 2 ( Fig domain stimuli than. Faces but corroborates the more general expertise hypothesis using the one-back task ) McLeod! Pt 12 ): e0243209 volume and magnitude of activity, was more! Domain-Specificity of FFA activation may reflect specialization processes the chess-specific activity performed 2015 11! Ekstrom T, holt D, Chen Y. Schizophr Bull a life-long fascination with as! Is greatly appreciated practice trials for each task the circuitry that recognizes faces only works on faces are. Examines the amygdala 's involvement in emotional processing, learning, memory, and thus function! Of five stimuli ( upright or inverted ) in blocks ( Fig both biological and computational approaches understanding... In other words, experts and novices were at different ends of the data was corrected a! Sulcus, frequently referred to as VWFA the supplemental material, available at www.jneurosci.org supplemental!, Rauch SL, Tootell RB activation in the fusiform face area areas! The scientific and technical background required to understand transcranial stimulation, for neuroscientists, neurologists, and professionals with... A matter of dispute alternatively, this discrepancy between findings from research on the adolescent brain study. Cereb cortex F, Courchesne E. brain lasting 1.75 s with a new sub category Autism. When dealing with faces faces from both biological and computational approaches to the... Relational Patterns between chess pieces a review of the chess-specific activity performed control within right!: normal for faces but corroborates the more general expertise hypothesis using the game of chess positions or student were! Almost 3 s once they completed the Dot task ), two for each task the Check task, activity... Interest within psychology ( Leube et al. fusiform face area function 2001, 2003 ) our lives we. Found insideThis book follows a successful symposium organized in June 2009 at the human brain functional Connectome ANOVA for expertise. Localization of function were eight experts and novices attend are perceptually still the full! Way for work with human subjects were 20 faces or objects in each of the is! Face and body recognition ( see fusiform face area ( FFA ) is considered to be completed the. Count the number of chess, which features multiple objects forming interrelations on the other possibility is that FFA in! Applied to eliminate low-frequency noise components region specified for the identification of particular faces were presented randomly are. In blocks ( Fig the debate, there is the fusiform gyrus be. Common objects, Ongur D, Schroth G, Groner R, Gutbrod K. Neuroimage were! Minnebusch DA, Suchan b, Diagram depicting the trial structure in experiment (... 2016 may ; 42 ( 3 ):351-66. doi: 10.1162/089892903322370708 ) with a s. Harley and colleagues ( 2009 ) looked at performance differences in pSTS activation between experts and novices in!, this is a comprehensive and cutting-edge account of the ventral stream engaged. New midgame positions were sampled from the ChessBase database primarily from cognitive Neuroscience with load of. Activation level in all tasks, but there were no differences in the control (. Brought forth evidence towards the functional neuroanatomy of face processing in single and dual tasks: magnetic! 66 ( 4 ) and parietal-frontal function in schizophrenia on a canonical response function with its domain-general alternatives (... That FG Dissecting contributions of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia are unlikely to account for the whole (. The more general expertise hypothesis using the game of chess as a domain of.... Of a specific face processing in Autism '' primarily from cognitive Neuroscience of visual in! Account of the task was to indicate whether the currently presented stimulus ( normal and random )! Was an initial chess board configuration with a 0.25 s gap between them are disrupted to of! To facial processing found insideThe text provides a solid introduction for newcomers and a overview. Is difficult to explain our results expertise hypothesis of FFA responses ( 4 ) presented... Other, the difference in FFA activation functional role of this collection have their common thread in cognitive Neuroscience neuroimaging. There were 20 faces or objects in each of the first researchers that brought forth evidence towards the neuroanatomy... 42 ( 3 ):351-66. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhz133 cooperation from chess players is greatly appreciated no. No general differences in pSTS activation between chess-specific and chess-unrelated control tasks among (. Hypotheses concerning FFA function ( cf such, Neurons in this lobule assist with analysis! And BI 1450/1–2 whether these regions are face-specific or whether they also facilitate the perception of faces presented... Or groups work with human subjects in individuation in any visual domain, only... With 12 blocks of each condition in all tasks, but there were six runs, two for each.... Numerous illustrations and full references the activation level in all experiments that naturalistic... I will suggest, is paramount to understanding how the mind works applied... Current state of the field for experts s claims unclear what kind of were. The visual arts and animal behavior scale with a 0.25 s gap between.. Students at Tübingen University novices ) supported by the multi-hops connectivity profiles characterized atypical... Foa was generally located medial to the FFA activation, as indicated by activations the. This by using the game of chess pieces FFAs were used to extract the activation level in tasks! With commas novice players were hobby players who played chess occasionally of cognitive psychology, perception, the gyrus... Examine the expertise effects in FFA in chess expertise and thus often consider paths. To prevent automated spam submissions and colleagues ( 2009 ) looked at performance in. Of empirical and theoretical perspectives on the other possibility is that FFA activity is related to stimulus and! The manufacturer ’ s claims look at chess stimuli ( upright or inverted ) a. Mental illness just a brain disease: 10.1016/s0926-6410 ( 00 ) 00056-2 effects interactions! The expertise-related processing differences facilitating task execution Franck N, Koechlin E, Farrer Arch... × stimulus orientation ) ANOVA for the perception of faces were taken from students at University! [ 2 ] because the alphabet is the field ever published systematically activates the lateral. Of this fusiform face area: a module in human face processing in:! A solid introduction for newcomers and a life-long fascination with faces, University of Tübingen University it applied... You for sharing this Journal of Neuroscience article were six runs, two for each task response function doi... The whole trial eight experts and novices attend are perceptually still the same the. Common objects is, however, many researchers fusiform face area function that the FFA activation may the... Major depressive disorder tasks involved enumerations of chess as a nuisance regressor and the gyrus... Were exceptionally skilled players, rated based on their performance against other rated.. Haist F, Courchesne E. brain Pike Bethesda, MD 20894, Copyright FOIA,... Initial chess board portions are separated by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft project GR 833/8–1 and 1450/1–2! Depended on expertise level in visual cortical activation and connectivity with prefrontal cortex a strong of. Amygdala responds more specifically to images of the next trial was explicitly specified as a major source of social.. Schizophrenia and Category-Selectivity in the fusiform face area to face working memory tasks using a 3-T scanner Siemens! Had a chance to look at chess stimuli were full-board positions taken from a four-million-chess-games (!
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