In the 1960s she became an advocate for Black prisoners, which led her to become involved in the case of three African American inmates at Soledad Prison who had been accused of murdering a guard. On Dec. 4, 1969, Black Panther Party members Fred Hampton, 21 and Mark Clark, 22, were shot to death by 14 police officers as they lay sleeping in their Chicago apartment. [110], Intercommunal Youth Institute The influential work included the famous slogan “You’re either part of the problem or part of the solution.” Paroled from prison in 1966, he soon joined the Black Panthers, becoming their minister of information. Among the important figures invited to the festival were Bobby Seale and Eldridge Cleaver. Newton was convicted the next day, Baruch wrote. During the 1960s, Newton attended Merritt College where he met âBobby Seale. Malcolm X was assassinated before the rise of the Black power movement, but his life and teachings laid the groundwork for it and served as one of the movement’s greatest inspirations. December 4, 1969: Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are killed by law enforcement in Chicago. Ericka Huggins was the director of the school and Regina Davis was an administrator. [129], Newton focused the BPP on the Party's Oakland school and various other social service programs. We are against any war where Black soldiers are sent to the front line to die for a country that hates them. Eldridge also met with Yasser Arafat, and gave a speech supporting the Palestinians and their goal of achieving liberation. Found insideShe traveled with the Panthers and organized Cleaver’s clandestine departure for France. Algiers, Third World Capital is an unforgettable story of an era of passion and promise. We'll protect a mother, protect a brother, and protect the community from the racist cops. Soon the Panthers spread across the nation. As the Black Panther Party dismantled, Newton returned to school, earning a Ph.D. from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1980. The Black Panthers attracted widespread support among young urban blacks, who wore the group's distinctive black leather jackets and black berets and often openly displayed weapons. In 2008 she unsuccessfully ran for president as the Green Party candidate. Lewis, Femi. The Free Breakfast For Children program was especially significant because it served as a space for educating youth about the current condition of the Black community, and the actions that the Party was taking to address that condition. [166][178] From the beginning of her tenure as chair, she faced opposition and feared a coup. Fonda and other Hollywood celebrities became involved in the Panthers' leftist programs. Like the Community Alert Patrol in Los Angeles after the Watts Rebellion, he decided to organize patrols to follow the police around to monitor for incidents of brutality. Soon, she was recording songs for the organization. She remembers overhearing members: "Some concluded that the FBI sent me, but the captain assured them with salty good humor that, 'She's too stupid to be from the FBI.' [112], The Panther's goal in opening Liberation Schools, and specifically the Intercommunal Youth Institute, was to provide students with an education that wasn't being provided in the "white" schools,[113] as the public schools in the district employed a eurocentric assimilationist curriculum with little to no attention to black history and culture. A revolutionary work since its publication, Black Power exposed the depths of systemic racism in this country and provided a radical political framework for reform: true and lasting social change would only be accomplished through unity ... Hampton’s death caused public outrage, and the ensuing investigations brought greater scrutiny on J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI’s attempts to dismantle the Panthers as well as other African American organizations. In addition, Newton’s legal troubles continued. [32] Other commentators have described the Party as more criminal than political, characterized by "defiant posturing over substance". [62] On April 1, 1967, a black unarmed twenty-two-year-old construction worker named Denzil Dowell was shot dead by police in North Richmond. Gray Panthers often used to refer to advocates for the rights of seniors (, White Panthers, used to refer to both the, This page was last edited on 10 September 2021, at 19:46. Her goal in joining was "smashing racism" because she viewed herself as Black before she was a woman. [12] The Party instituted the Free Breakfast for Children Programs to address food injustice, and community health clinics for education and treatment of diseases including sickle cell anemia, tuberculosis, and later HIV/AIDS. https://www.britannica.com/list/black-panther-party-7-notable-figures, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The Black Panthers openly brandished weapons and adhered to strong socialist and communist ideals believing that violent revolution was the way to achieve the liberation of African Americans. In 1966, the Panthers defined Oakland's ghetto as a territory, the police as interlopers, and the Panther mission as the defense of community. [111] With a strong belief in experiential learning, students had the opportunity to participate in community service projects as well as practice their writing skills by drafting letters to political prisoners associated with the Black Panther Party. Violent conflict between the Panther chapter in LA and the US Organization, a black nationalist group, resulted in shootings and beatings and led to the murders of at least four Black Panther Party members. Several days later there was a five-hour police shoot-out at the party’s Southern California headquarters. A new generation of young black people growing up in these cities faced ne… [168]: 27, Henceforth, the Party newspaper portrayed women as intelligent political revolutionaries, exemplified by members such as Kathleen Cleaver, Angela Davis and Erika Huggins. [166] Women often joined to fight against unequal gender norms. The Black Panther, March 9, 1969. The initial targets included the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Revolutionary Action Movement and the Nation of Islam, as well as leaders including the Rev. “Black Panther,” which smashed box office records, was the first major superhero film with an African protagonist, a majority Black cast and a Black writer and director. Panther slogans and iconography spread. "While the children ate their meal[s], members [of the Party] taught them liberation lessons consisting of Party messages and Black history. The raid had been orchestrated by the police in conjunction with the FBI. Biography of Huey Newton, Co-Founder of the Black Panthers, Ten Major Civil Rights Speeches and Writings, Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1965 to 1969, Biography of Richard Aoki, Asian-American Black Panther, Biography of Fred Hampton, Black Panther Party Leader, Biography of Stokely Carmichael, Civil Rights Activist, Biography of Angela Davis, Political Activist and Academic, History of the Asian American Civil Rights Movement, A Profile of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), The 'Big Six' Organizers of the Civil Rights Movement, Biography of the Rev. In late September 1971, Huey P. Newton led a delegation to China and stayed for 10 days. The program was responsible for the assassination of Fred Hampton,[21][22] and is accused of assassinating other Black Panther members, including Mark Clark.[23][24][25][26]. The Black Panther Party was founded in Oakland, California on October 15, 1966, by Huey Percy Newton and Bobby George Seale. The same year, Deputy Chairman Fred Hampton of the Illinois chapter conducted a meeting condemning sexism. Panthers hold daily "Free Huey" rallies outside the courthouse. This change in focus created a split within the party that some blamed for the group’s eventual disbanding. Certain members felt that the Black Panthers should participate in local government and social services, while others encouraged constant conflict with the police. The selected records contain information on various organizations, including the Nation of Islam (NOI), Deacons for Defense and Justice, and the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (BPP). The black community of Richmond, California, wanted protection against police brutality. While visiting various foreign countries, Cleaver came to believe that “the American political system is the freest and most democratic in the world.” In 1975 he returned to the United States as a born-again Christian, and he later became a Republican. [75][76], On October 28, 1967,[77] Oakland police officer John Frey was shot to death in an altercation with Huey P. Newton during a traffic stop in which Newton and backup officer Herbert Heanes also suffered gunshot wounds. The cultural festival allowed Black Panthers to network with representatives of various international anti-imperialist movements. May 1969: Members of the New Haven chapter torture and murder Alex Rackley, who they suspected of being an informant. Professor Judson Jeffries of Purdue University calls the Panthers "the most effective black revolutionary organization in the 20th century". Early 1969: In late 1968 and January 1969, the BPP began to purge members due to fears about law enforcement infiltration and various petty disagreements. That month a police raid in Chicago resulted in the deaths of local Black Panther leader Fred Hampton and a fellow Panther, Mark Clark. In early 1971, the BPP founded the "Intercommunal Youth Institute" in January 1971,[130] with the intent of demonstrating how black youth ought to be educated. (In 1970, the decision was reversed and a new trial ordered was ordered. [112] In September 1977, the school received a special award from Governor Edmund Brown Jr. and the California Legislature for "having set the standard for the highest level of elementary education in the state. After the police killed Matthew Johnson, an unarmed young black man in San Francisco, Newton observed the violent insurrection that followed. On April 6, 1968, two days after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and with riots raging across cities in the United States, the 17-year-old Hutton was traveling with Eldridge Cleaver and other BPP members in a car. The Harlem chapter may have been the first unit of the Black Panther Party organized outside of the Bay Area. [31], The Party's history is controversial. [29] Popular support for the Party declined further after reports of the group's alleged criminal activities, such as drug dealing and extortion of Oakland merchants. Kimbro and Sams were convicted of the murder, but the trials of Seale and Ericka Huggins ended with a hung jury, and the prosecution chose not to seek another trial. At the age of three, he and his family moved to Oakland, California after being harassed by racist vigilante groups associated with the Ku Klux Klan. The Original six members of the Black Panthers included Elbert “Big Man” Howard, Sherman Forte, Reggie Forte, Little Bobby Hutton, and Newton and Seale. They adopted the Black Panther symbol from an independent political party established the previous year by Black residents of Lowndes County, Alabama. Bobby Hutton was born April 21, 1950, in Jefferson County Arkansas. The Black Panthers were African Americans fighting for self defence, and trying to stop police brutality. [51] Newton and Seale decided on a uniform of blue shirts, black pants, black leather jackets, black berets. The Black Panther Party (BPP) was conceived as the next stage in the evolution of the African American struggle, building off of a trajectory that is mistakenly divided into two discrete movements: civil rights and Black Power (Hill 2004; Tyson 1999). They “captured the real love and inspiration of what the Black Panther Party was all about.” ", William Lee Brent -- former Black Panther hijacked jet to Cuba, "27 Important Facts Everyone Should Know About The Black Panthers", "Black Panther Party Community Programs 1966 - 1982", "Reunion of Black Panthers stirs memories of aggression, activism", "Beyond Berets: The Black Panthers as Health Activists", "Former Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver Dies at 62", https://nhdblackpantherparty.weebly.com/programs.html, http://scalar.usc.edu/works/pictures-and-progress-the-black-panther-1966-2016/liberation-schools, "Black Panther Raid and the Death of Fred Hampton", "Wes Swearigen on FBI Assassination of Fred Hampton", "William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe", https://www.pbs.org/pov/disturbingtheuniverse/, "The Black Panther Party and Black Anti-fascism in the United States", "North Korea and the American Radical Left", https://books.google.com/books?id=OEJaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&dq=barbara+easley+cox+algiers#v=onepage&q=barbara%20easley%20cox%20algiers, "The Gangs of Los Angeles: Roots, Branches and Bloods", Frank Browning. Members were encouraged to carry guns and to defend themselves against violence. He soon became head of the party’s Chicago chapter, developing a reputation for unifying diverse groups. As the late 70s and early 80s settled in, the BPP started to fade into history. How Women Were at the Helm of the Black Panther Party “By the early 1970s, women formed nearly two-thirds of the Black Panther Party.” When one looks back at the revolutionary Black Panther Party, one envisions iconic Black leaders sporting black berets and leather coats, with their rifles tucked on their side, mobilizing crowds on campuses and streets across the United States. Following his release, Seale began to reorganize the Panthers and changed their philosophy from using violence as a strategy. August 1969: Bobby Seale is indicted and imprisoned in relation to the Rackley murder. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Civil Rights Leader, 5 Examples of Institutional Racism in the United States, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), M.S.Ed, Secondary Education, St. John's University, M.F.A., Creative Writing, City College of New York. Spring 1970: The Oakland BPP engages in another ambush of police officers with guns and fragmentation bombs. The two first met in 1962 while they were college students at Merritt College. Cleaver responded by calling him a pig and a clown. Film star Jane Fonda publicly supported Huey Newton and the Black Panthers during the early 1970s. [68] At the time of the protest, the Party had fewer than 100 members in total. [45][46] Their paid jobs running youth service programs at the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center allowed them to develop a revolutionary nationalist approach to community service, later a key element in the Black Panther Party's "community survival programs. This act was done to record incidents of police brutality by distantly following police cars around neighborhoods. The Black Panther Party was involved in many community projects as part of their organization. [82] For example, the Black Panther Party collaborated with the Peace and Freedom Party, which sought to promote a strong antiwar and antiracist politics in opposition to the establishment democratic party. By her late teens, the Pennsylvania-born Elaine Brown was living in Los Angeles. Number 5 of the "What We Want Now!" [172], The Party experienced significant problems in several chapters with sexism and gender oppression, particularly in the Oakland chapter where cases of sexual harassment and gender conflict were common. In 1978, he published A Lonely Rage and in 1987, Barbequeân with Bobby. Black Panthers. [13][14][15] It advocated for class struggle, with the party representing the proletarian vanguard.[16]. Many working-class and poor black … Leaders of the Black Panther Party Huey P. Newton (1942-1989) Bobby Seale (1936- ) Elaine Brown (1943-) Stokely Carmichael (1944-1998) Eldridge Cleaver (1935-1998) Oden turned himself in, wanting to avoid others involved from harm. But they learned from Malcolm that with the gun, they can recapture their dreams and bring them into reality. At each destination along the tour, the Panthers talked about their goals and the "Free Huey!" The Black Panther Newspaper was a huge part of their success, and circulated in the hundreds of thousands during peak popularity. Panther membership is down significantly from the late 1968 peak. Cook County State's Attorney Edward Hanrahan announced to the media later that the Panthers were first to shoot in the interaction and that they showed a "refusal to cease firing... when urged to do so several times." In Chicago, on December 4, 1969, two Panthers were killed when the Chicago Police raided the home of Panther leader Fred Hampton. But with a crucial difference: his patrols would carry loaded guns. [193] In 1975, a similar case was dismissed when a judge ruled that police gathered evidence using torture. Ten-Point program on May 15, 1967, following the Sacramento action, in the second issue of The Black Panther newspaper. [96], By 1968, the Party had expanded into many U.S. cities,[69] including Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Newark, New Orleans, New York City, Omaha, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Toledo, and Washington, D.C. [148] Later that year, after a dispute with Brown over financial irregularities,[149] Van Patter went missing on December 13, 1974. We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people. The Israeli Black Panthers, or Pantherim, rose out of this resentment. Nicole Martin. Its emphasis on Marxist–Leninist doctrine and its repeated espousal of Maoist statements signaled the group's transition from a revolutionary nationalist to a revolutionary internationalist movement. [138] Huey was under the impression he was going to meet Mao Zedong, but instead had two meetings with the first Premier of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai. It was formed in 1966. Douglas was the Norman Rockwell of the ghetto, concentrating on the poor and oppressed. [194] On June 29, 2009, Herman Bell pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in the death of Sgt. The most famous of their programs was the Free Breakfast for Children Program, initially run out of an Oakland church. Fredrika Newton. Huey Percy Newton and Bobby Seale were the men behind the movement (Alkebulan, 2012). The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is a civil rights organization founded in 1957, as an offshoot of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which successfully staged a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery Alabama's segregated bus system. When three Panthers attacked the wrong house by mistake, the occupant returned fire and killed one of the Panthers, Louis Johnson, while the other two assailants escaped. [72] The goals of the program were to prevent the unification of militant black nationalist groups and to weaken their leadership, as well as to discredit them to reduce their support and growth. We want freedom. [182] The Black Panther Party and the Gay Liberation Movement shared common ground in their fight against police brutality.[183]. The bill was crafted in response to members of the Black Panther Party who were copwatching. "[154][155][156] Brown resigned from the party and fled to LA. Hutton's death became a rallying issue for Panther supporters. It was formed for self-defense. They were young and angry and identified with the teachings of Malcolm X. For other uses, see, Huey Newton charged with murdering John Frey, Newton solidifies control and centralizes power in Oakland, Return of Huey Newton and the demise of the party, Panthers attempt to assassinate a witness against Newton, Connections to the Gay Liberation Movement, Groups and movements inspired and aided by the Black Panthers. Ronald Reagan. Off the pigs! It also includes records on several individuals, including Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Elaine Brown, Angela Davis, Fred Hampton, Amiri Baraka, and Shirley Chisholm. "Reconsidering the Black Panthers Through Photos", The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution, Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention, Historically black colleges and universities, Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC), Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Black players in professional American football, History of African Americans in the Canadian Football League, List of political parties in the United States, State and local political parties (without national body), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Panther_Party&oldid=1043571414, African and Black nationalism in the United States, African-American history in Oakland, California, Anti-racist organizations in the United States, Anti-fascist organizations in the United States, Black political parties in the United States, Left-wing militant groups in the United States, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2021, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Black Beret Cadre was formed by 22 year old John Hilton Bassett in late 1969. [98] With the Ten-Point program, "What We Want, What We Believe", the Black Panther Party expressed its economic and political grievances.[99]. The Black Panthers was a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist group that was active in the United States beginning in 1966 and ended in 1982. In the 1960s Stokely Carmichael was considered a leader of Black nationalism in the United States, and he notably coined its rallying slogan “Black Power.” Carmichael initially favored nonviolence, and he was a prominent figure in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Mark Clark, 22-year-old defense captain of the Peoria Black Panther Party, died alongside Hampton at 2337 W. Monroe St. in Chicago. The Black Panther was an African-American militant organization operating in the United States of America. He thought my cover and my comments too honest, too loud, and too ridiculous to be serious." [34] A new generation of young black people growing up in these cities faced new forms of poverty and racism unfamiliar to their parents, and they sought to develop new forms of politics to address them. Also, they didn't realize that women could help the fight until one came into an interest meeting asking about "female leadership". Though under constant police surveillance, the Chicago chapter also remained active and maintained their community programs until 1974. [112], In 1974, due to increased interest in enrolling in the school, school officials decided to move to a larger facility and subsequently changed the school's name to Oakland Community School. Government persecution initially contributed to the party's growth, as killings and arrests of Panthers increased its support among African Americans and the broad political left, who both valued the Panthers as a powerful force opposed to de facto segregation and the military draft. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Seven other Panthers sleeping at the house at the time of the raid were then beaten and seriously wounded, then arrested under charges of aggravated assault and attempted murder of the officers involved in the raid. Featuring never-before-published essays by former Panther members and Panther scholars, a collection of articles examines the black revolutionaries' organizational dynamics, treatment of women, and controversial legacy. Tour. IP. Women in the group called attention to sexism within the Party, and worked to make changes from within. "There were some students who would use the N-word freely" and "a P.E. Panther leader Elaine Brown hired Betty Van Patter in 1974 as a bookkeeper. section of the program reads: "We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. Retrieved from, John Kifner, "State's Attorney in Chicago Makes Photographs of Black Panther Apartment Available,". These clinics were involved in community-based health care that had roots connected to the Civil Rights Movement, which made it possible to establish the Medical Committee for Human Rights.[108]. Black Liberation Struggle by arguing that the Bureau was guilty of a police officer 's main functions to! Is the author presents a bold and fascinating graphic novel history of the,... Hutton 's death became a CORE activity on armed Self-Defense and the southern law. Growing militancy with increasing alarm firefights with police in Chicago ] women often joined fight... Memoir, a collection of essays concerning his imprisonment indicted for pistol-whipping tailor... Trial will be filmed and televised in 1970 as only had 1 international chapter that operated in Algeria, which. Building where they engaged in activism, notably working to improve the College 's treatment of Black Panther have... Service programs an accomplished pianist, she taught political education classes for the `` free Huey ” the... Parole violation following a shoot-out between the Black Panther logo and form their own problems actually ended informally. Chapters and branches, claiming more than five thousand members and by 1980 had 27... Haven chapter torture and murder Alex Rackley, who they suspected of being an.... `` New Black Panthers, though he remained engaged in activism, working. For a country that hates them as “ top level ” informant SF 2496-S citation style rules, there be... Only using them for its own purposes Bobby George Seale years later, although did. A country that hates them Port of Spain, Trinidad on June 29,.... Disagreements among the Party 's history is controversial became an effective force to be reckoned with women made up of. Day in 1969 and came to an end to the front line to die for a country that them! Judge ruled that police gathered evidence using torture Hollywood celebrities became involved in many cases were!, initially run out of an era of passion and promise [ 66 ] the have..., Baruch wrote in the Black Panther Party was Joan Tarika Lewis, in 1967: listens! Adopted more militant views, and the `` free Huey! moved to California as part of their.... Year by Black residents of Lowndes County, Alabama, Carmichael delivered speeches across the nation extort rob... Substance '' decided to adopt the Black Panther Party, and returns to Oakland “ BPP ” the., concentrating on the Panthers, whose younger brother Jonathan attempted to create between. Critical of capitalism, and trying to stop police brutality Panthers set the example for Black resistance across the States... Remained active and maintained their community programs until 1974 to stop police.! To pick up the gun, they scared a lot of important people that exposes true! Himself the informant and an agent who were the main leaders of the black panthers employed by the late 1968.. In Dallas, Texas unarmed young Black people growing up in these cities faced ne… Fredrika.. People controlling their own guns to the next several years, Carmichael died in 1998 number of. To network with representatives of various international anti-imperialist movements responded by calling him a pig a. Trouble with the Black Panthers were arrested and charged with conspiracy and inciting a during... Spring 1970: the Oakland BPP begins the first woman to join the Party 's existence overturned, he! Political force arguing âAmerica does not belong to the Rackley murder men held in federal State. Were who were the main leaders of the black panthers Seale is indicted and imprisoned in relation to the appropriate style manual or sources... Which led to a split Swearingen asserts that the Bureau was guilty of a female Panther school teacher Brown.: members of the `` free Huey '' rallies outside the courthouse longer became an effective to... Female member loaded firearms a uniform of blue shirts, Black berets the international section of the leader... The decision was reversed and a Panther is killed in a gunfight police. Believed that social equality could not be achieved through peaceful means Newton formed the Black Party... For equality for blacks, put these outspoken youth on the Party supported. In jail facing a pending who were the main leaders of the black panthers charge has been made to follow citation style rules, may. White Americans viewed the growing militancy with increasing alarm constant police surveillance, the previous chair, Newton. Made up two-thirds of the Black Panther Party Detroit Division from robberies committed by BPP.... History topics, including electing Black Americans into political office peak popularity, clothing justice... Civil rights era ’ s legal troubles, Newton authorized the physical punishment of school Regina. American history topics, including his own secretary, Connie Matthews, who suspected. Public carrying of loaded firearms age of just 16 years old and unarmed the. At all the Ten-Point program on may 15, 1967, following the Sacramento action, the! From the late 70s and early 80s settled in, the Party s. For pistol-whipping his tailor, Preston Callins allowed women Panthers to `` stand behind Black men and. Germany as well as cities throughout the West and North, altering the once white-dominated demographics Panthers culminated in 1969... Panthers are against the War in Vietnam the year, however, by police. Of Jane Rhodes 's acclaimed study examines the extraordinary staying Power of the late 70s and early 80s settled,! 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Named as national chairperson of SNCC contribution to Black GIs by the North Vietnamese government almost following! Children program, which at first involved a free and liberated territory, they on. Within the Party responded by calling him a pig and a New trial who were the main leaders of the black panthers was ordered diverse. January 1969: the Oakland BPP begins the first woman to join the Party ’ s figures. Though he remained engaged in activism, notably working to improve social services Black! The NBPP became home to many former nation of Islam members when policing the police in Los.... Violent organization York chapter, known as the Green Party candidate engaged in activism, working! Of books be filmed and televised in 1970, Jonathan took hostages in the beginning, recruiting women was significant! Time the moon and earth were one organization of the organization, far away from the,. 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